FlashOcc: Fast and Memory-Efficient Occupancy Prediction via Channel-to-Height Plugin
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Abstract (arXiv)
Given the capability of mitigating the long-tail deficiencies and intricate-shaped absence prevalent in 3D object detection, occupancy prediction has become a pivotal component in autonomous driving systems. However, the procession of three-dimensional voxel-level representations inevitably introduces large overhead in both memory and computation, obstructing the deployment of to-date occupancy prediction approaches. In contrast to the trend of making the model larger and more complicated, we argue that a desirable framework should be deployment-friendly to diverse chips while maintaining high precision. To this end, we propose a plug-and-play paradigm, namely FlashOCC, to consolidate rapid and memory-efficient occupancy prediction while maintaining high precision. Particularly, our FlashOCC makes two improvements based on the contemporary voxel-level occupancy prediction approaches. Firstly, the features are kept in the BEV, enabling the employment of efficient 2D convolutional layers for feature extraction. Secondly, a channel-to-height transformation is introduced to lift the output logits from the BEV into the 3D space. We apply the FlashOCC to diverse occupancy prediction baselines on the challenging Occ3D-nuScenes benchmarks and conduct extensive experiments to validate the effectiveness. The results substantiate the superiority of our plug-and-play paradigm over previous state-of-the-art methods in terms of precision, runtime efficiency, and memory costs, demonstrating its potential for deployment. The code will be made available.
Key facts. Cited by 103 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 29 of its 36 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 18 Nov 2023.
Builds on
29 of 36 references.
References · 29
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17 more
- 2023Tri-Perspective View for Vision-Based 3D Semantic Occupancy Predictioncited by 409
- 2017Joint 2D-3D-Semantic Data for Indoor Scene Understandingcited by 406
- 2021MonoScene: Monocular 3D Semantic Scene Completioncited by 363
- 2022PETRv2: A Unified Framework for 3D Perception from Multi-Camera Imagescited by 352
- 2023Occ3D: A Large-Scale 3D Occupancy Prediction Benchmark for Autonomous Drivingcited by 332
- 2023VoxFormer: Sparse Voxel Transformer for Camera-based 3D Semantic Scene Completioncited by 313
- 2023OccFormer: Dual-path Transformer for Vision-based 3D Semantic Occupancy Predictioncited by 293
- 2019NAS-FPN: Learning Scalable Feature Pyramid Architecture for Object Detectioncited by 291
- 2023FB-OCC: 3D Occupancy Prediction based on Forward-Backward View Transformationcited by 165
- 2023RenderOcc: Vision-Centric 3D Occupancy Prediction with 2D Rendering Supervisioncited by 128
- 2023PanoOcc: Unified Occupancy Representation for Camera-based 3D Panoptic Segmentationcited by 115
- 2022SurroundDepth: Entangling Surrounding Views for Self-Supervised Multi-Camera Depth Estimationcited by 76
- 2023Fast-BEV: A Fast and Strong Bird's-Eye View Perception Baselinecited by 40
- 2023Learning Occupancy for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 36
- 2023Super Sparse 3D Object Detectioncited by 32
- 2023UniOcc: Unifying Vision-Centric 3D Occupancy Prediction with Geometric and Semantic Renderingcited by 26
- 20223DPPE: 3D Point Positional Encoding for Multi-Camera 3D Object Detection Transformerscited by 15
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 2; 2024: 31; 2025: 41; 2026: 29.
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- 2024GaussianFormer: Scene as Gaussians for Vision-Based 3D Semantic Occupancy Predictioncited by 157
- 2024GaussianFormer-2: Probabilistic Gaussian Superposition for Efficient 3D Occupancy Predictioncited by 86
- 2024Driving in the Occupancy World: Vision-Centric 4D Occupancy Forecasting and Planning via World Models for Autonomous Drivingcited by 69
- 2024GaussianOcc: Fully Self-supervised and Efficient 3D Occupancy Estimation with Gaussian Splattingcited by 50
- 2023OctreeOcc: Efficient and Multi-Granularity Occupancy Prediction Using Octree Queriescited by 48
- 2024GaussTR: Foundation Model-Aligned Gaussian Transformer for Self-Supervised 3D Spatial Understandingcited by 46
- 2023OccNeRF: Advancing 3D Occupancy Prediction in LiDAR-Free Environmentscited by 41
- 2024A Survey on Occupancy Perception for Autonomous Driving: The Information Fusion Perspectivecited by 37
- 2024Unleashing HyDRa: Hybrid Fusion, Depth Consistency and Radar for Unified 3D Perceptioncited by 35
- 2024Monocular Occupancy Prediction for Scalable Indoor Scenescited by 31
- 2024Vision-based 3D occupancy prediction in autonomous driving: a review and outlookcited by 29
- 2024OmniHD-Scenes: A Next-Generation Multimodal Dataset for Autonomous Drivingcited by 27
38 more
- 2025GaussianFlowOcc: Sparse and Weakly Supervised Occupancy Estimation using Gaussian Splatting and Temporal Flowcited by 24
- 2025Doracamom: Joint 3D Detection and Occupancy Prediction with Multi-view 4D Radars and Cameras for Omnidirectional Perceptioncited by 22
- 2024GEOcc: Geometrically Enhanced 3D Occupancy Network with Implicit-Explicit Depth Fusion and Contextual Self-Supervisioncited by 21
- 2024ALOcc: Adaptive Lifting-Based 3D Semantic Occupancy and Cost Volume-Based Flow Predictionscited by 20
- 2025QuadricFormer: Scene as Superquadrics for 3D Semantic Occupancy Predictioncited by 20
- 2024LiCROcc: Teach Radar for Accurate Semantic Occupancy Prediction using LiDAR and Cameracited by 19
- 2024Language Driven Occupancy Predictioncited by 17
- 2024ProtoOcc: Accurate, Efficient 3D Occupancy Prediction Using Dual Branch Encoder-Prototype Query Decodercited by 17
- 2024LangOcc: Self-Supervised Open Vocabulary Occupancy Estimation via Volume Renderingcited by 16
- 2024Deep Height Decoupling for Precise Vision-based 3D Occupancy Predictioncited by 16
- 2024DAOcc: 3D Object Detection Assisted Multi-Sensor Fusion for 3D Occupancy Predictioncited by 15
- 2025DrivePI: Spatial-aware 4D MLLM for Unified Autonomous Driving Understanding, Perception, Prediction and Planningcited by 15
- 2026ResWorld: Temporal Residual World Model for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 15
- 2024Panoptic-FlashOcc: An Efficient Baseline to Marry Semantic Occupancy with Panoptic via Instance Centercited by 14
- 2025AutoOcc: Automatic Open-Ended Semantic Occupancy Annotation via Vision-Language Guided Gaussian Splattingcited by 14
- 2025GaussianFormer3D: Multi-Modal Gaussian-based Semantic Occupancy Prediction with 3D Deformable Attentioncited by 14
- 2024Offboard Occupancy Refinement with Hybrid Propagation for Autonomous Drivingcited by 12
- 2025SparseWorld: A Flexible, Adaptive, and Efficient 4D Occupancy World Model Powered by Sparse and Dynamic Queriescited by 11
- 2025VoxelSplat: Dynamic Gaussian Splatting as an Effective Loss for Occupancy and Flow Predictioncited by 10
- 2025Rethinking Temporal Fusion with a Unified Gradient Descent View for 3D Semantic Occupancy Predictioncited by 9
- 2025SplatSSC: Decoupled Depth-Guided Gaussian Splatting for Semantic Scene Completioncited by 9
- 2025Occupancy Learning with Spatiotemporal Memorycited by 9
- 2026Qwen-Drive-1.0: An Initial Step towards a Vision-Language Foundation Model for Autonomous Drivingcited by 9
- 2024MIM4D: Masked Modeling with Multi-View Video for Autonomous Driving Representation Learningcited by 8
- 2024EFFOcc: Learning Efficient Occupancy Networks from Minimal Labels for Autonomous Drivingcited by 8
- 2025Semantic Causality-Aware Vision-Based 3D Occupancy Predictioncited by 8
- 2025Disentangling Instance and Scene Contexts for 3D Semantic Scene Completioncited by 7
- 2024ReliOcc: Towards Reliable Semantic Occupancy Prediction via Uncertainty Learningcited by 6
- 2024LightOcc: Lightweight Spatial Embedding for Efficient Vision-based 3D Occupancy Predictioncited by 6
- 2025HENet++: Hybrid Encoding and Multi-task Learning for 3D Perception and End-to-end Autonomous Drivingcited by 6
- 2025ShelfOcc: Native 3D Supervision beyond LiDAR for Vision-Based Occupancy Estimationcited by 6
- 2024MambaOcc: Visual State Space Model for BEV-based Occupancy Prediction with Local Adaptive Reorderingcited by 5
- 2025Humanoid Occupancy: Enabling A Generalized Multimodal Occupancy Perception System on Humanoid Robotscited by 5
- 2025RLGF: Reinforcement Learning with Geometric Feedback for Autonomous Driving Video Generationcited by 5
- 2025Spatial Retrieval Augmented Autonomous Drivingcited by 5
- 2026Panoramic Multimodal Semantic Occupancy Prediction for Quadruped Robotscited by 5
- 2025Inverse++: Vision-Centric 3D Semantic Occupancy Prediction Assisted with 3D Object Detectioncited by 4
- 2025VG3T: Visual Geometry Grounded Gaussian Transformercited by 4
50 most cited of 103 All 103 (JSON)
- 2026GNFormer: Gaussian Neural Field Transformer for Efficient Camera-based Occupancy Prediction11 Oct 2026
- 2026LighTROcc: Lightweight 4D Occupancy Forecasting via Instance-Centric 3D Gaussians7 Oct 2026
- 2026MapLightning: Online Vectorized HD Map Construction with 1D Map Tokens1 Oct 2026
- 2026AdaOcc: Adaptive 3D Occupancy Prediction for Embodied Tasks30 Sep 2026
- 2026Risk-Aware Occupancy for Safety-Oriented End-to-End Autonomous Driving18 Sep 2026
- 2026DualPathOcc: Dual-Resolution BEV Encoder for 3D Occupancy Prediction6 Sep 2026
- 2026Qwen-Drive-1.0: An Initial Step towards a Vision-Language Foundation Model for Autonomous Driving31 Aug 2026
- 2026OPUS-V2: Bridging the Gap between Sparse Points and Dense Voxels29 Aug 2026
- 2026OccAnyScene: Towards Unified Indoor-Outdoor 3D Occupancy Prediction9 Aug 2026
- 2026RayOcc: Occlusion-Aware Ray Occupancy Estimation via Gaussian Mixture Intensity20 Jul 2026
- 2026SparseOcc++: Geometry-Aware Sparse Latent Representation for Semantic Occupancy Prediction6 Jul 2026
- 2026Humanoid-OmniOcc: Stereo-Based Full-View Occupancy Dataset for Embodied AI22 Jun 2026
38 more
- 2026FLM-Occ: Feed-forward Likelihood Maximization for Efficient Indoor Occupancy Prediction19 Jun 2026
- 2026LiAuto-GeoX: Efficient Grounded Driving Transformer4 Jun 2026
- 2026Deformable Gaussian Occupancy: Decoupling Rigid and Nonrigid Motion with Factorized Distillation27 May 2026
- 2026VGGT-Occ: Geometry-Grounded and Density-Aware Gated Fusion for 3D Occupancy Prediction16 May 2026
- 2026Height-Guided Projection Reparameterization for Camera-LiDAR Occupancy6 May 2026
- 2026Class-Distribution Guided Active Learning for 3D Occupancy Prediction in Autonomous Driving28 Mar 2026
- 2026Gau-Occ: Geometry-Completed Gaussians for Multi-Modal 3D Occupancy Prediction24 Mar 2026
- 2026GaussianSSC: Triplane-Guided Directional Gaussian Fields for 3D Semantic Completion23 Mar 2026
- 2026SGR-OCC: Evolving Monocular Priors for Embodied 3D Occupancy Prediction via Soft-Gating Lifting and Semantic-Adaptive Geometric Refinement14 Mar 2026
- 2026Panoramic Multimodal Semantic Occupancy Prediction for Quadruped Robots13 Mar 2026
- 2026Dr.Occ: Depth- and Region-Guided 3D Occupancy from Surround-View Cameras for Autonomous Driving1 Mar 2026
- 2026Adaptive Multi-Scale Channel-Spatial Attention Aggregation Framework for 3D Indoor Semantic Scene Completion Toward Assisting Visually Impaired18 Feb 2026
- 2026ResWorld: Temporal Residual World Model for End-to-End Autonomous Driving11 Feb 2026
- 2026SPOT-Occ: Sparse Prototype-guided Transformer for Camera-based 3D Occupancy Prediction4 Feb 2026
- 2026Enhancing Indoor Occupancy Prediction via Sparse Query-Based Multi-Level Consistent Knowledge Distillation2 Feb 2026
- 2026SuperOcc: Toward Cohesive Temporal Modeling for Superquadric-based 3D Occupancy Prediction22 Jan 2026
- 2026SparseOccVLA: Bridging Occupancy and Vision-Language Models via Sparse Queries for Unified 4D Scene Understanding and Planning10 Jan 2026
- 2025HyGE-Occ: Hybrid View-Transformation with 3D Gaussian and Edge Priors for 3D Panoptic Occupancy Prediction22 Dec 2025
- 2025OccStress: Stress-Testing the 4D Occupancy Forecasting Chain17 Dec 2025
- 2025DrivePI: Spatial-aware 4D MLLM for Unified Autonomous Driving Understanding, Perception, Prediction and Planning14 Dec 2025
- 2025Spatial Retrieval Augmented Autonomous Driving7 Dec 2025
- 2025TGSFormer: Scalable Temporal Gaussian Splatting for Embodied Semantic Scene Completion29 Nov 2025
- 2025VG3T: Visual Geometry Grounded Gaussian Transformer28 Nov 2025
- 2025MobileOcc: A Human-Aware Semantic Occupancy Dataset for Mobile Robots21 Nov 2025
- 2025ShelfOcc: Native 3D Supervision beyond LiDAR for Vision-Based Occupancy Estimation19 Nov 2025
- 2025HENet++: Hybrid Encoding and Multi-task Learning for 3D Perception and End-to-end Autonomous Driving10 Nov 2025
- 2025REOcc: Camera-Radar Fusion with Radar Feature Enrichment for 3D Occupancy Prediction10 Nov 2025
- 2025UniLION: Towards Unified Autonomous Driving Model with Linear Group RNNs3 Nov 2025
- 2025SparseWorld: A Flexible, Adaptive, and Efficient 4D Occupancy World Model Powered by Sparse and Dynamic Queries20 Oct 2025
- 2025Vision-Centric 4D Occupancy Forecasting and Planning via Implicit Residual World Models19 Oct 2025
- 2025MAESTRO: Task-Relevant Optimization via Adaptive Feature Enhancement and Suppression for Multi-task 3D Perception22 Sep 2025
- 2025RLGF: Reinforcement Learning with Geometric Feedback for Autonomous Driving Video Generation20 Sep 2025
- 2025Semantic Causality-Aware Vision-Based 3D Occupancy Prediction10 Sep 2025
- 2025Occupancy Learning with Spatiotemporal Memory6 Aug 2025
- 2025SplatSSC: Decoupled Depth-Guided Gaussian Splatting for Semantic Scene Completion4 Aug 2025
- 2025DA-Occ: Direction-Aware 2D Convolution for Efficient and Geometry-Preserving 3D Occupancy Prediction in Autonomous Driving31 Jul 2025
- 2025Collaborative Perceiver: Elevating Vision-based 3D Object Detection via Local Density-Aware Spatial Occupancy28 Jul 2025
- 2025Humanoid Occupancy: Enabling A Generalized Multimodal Occupancy Perception System on Humanoid Robots27 Jul 2025
50 newest of 103 All 103 (JSON)
- 2025HENet++: Hybrid Encoding and Multi-task Learning for 3D Perception and End-to-end Autonomous Drivingcited by 6
- 2025RLGF: Reinforcement Learning with Geometric Feedback for Autonomous Driving Video Generationcited by 5
- 2025Spatial Retrieval Augmented Autonomous Drivingcited by 5
- 2025UniLION: Towards Unified Autonomous Driving Model with Linear Group RNNscited by 3
- 2025InstanceBEV: Unifying Instance and BEV Representation for 3D Panoptic Segmentationcited by 0
- 2026Risk-Aware Occupancy for Safety-Oriented End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 0
- 2026Risk-Aware Occupancy for Safety-Oriented End-to-End Autonomous Driving18 Sep 2026
- 2025Spatial Retrieval Augmented Autonomous Driving7 Dec 2025
- 2025HENet++: Hybrid Encoding and Multi-task Learning for 3D Perception and End-to-end Autonomous Driving10 Nov 2025
- 2025UniLION: Towards Unified Autonomous Driving Model with Linear Group RNNs3 Nov 2025
- 2025RLGF: Reinforcement Learning with Geometric Feedback for Autonomous Driving Video Generation20 Sep 2025
- 2025InstanceBEV: Unifying Instance and BEV Representation for 3D Panoptic Segmentation20 May 2025
- 2024Driving in the Occupancy World: Vision-Centric 4D Occupancy Forecasting and Planning via World Models for Autonomous Drivingcited by 69
- 2026ResWorld: Temporal Residual World Model for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 15
- 2025SparseWorld: A Flexible, Adaptive, and Efficient 4D Occupancy World Model Powered by Sparse and Dynamic Queriescited by 11
- 2025Vision-Centric 4D Occupancy Forecasting and Planning via Implicit Residual World Modelscited by 3
- 2026ResWorld: Temporal Residual World Model for End-to-End Autonomous Driving11 Feb 2026
- 2025SparseWorld: A Flexible, Adaptive, and Efficient 4D Occupancy World Model Powered by Sparse and Dynamic Queries20 Oct 2025
- 2025Vision-Centric 4D Occupancy Forecasting and Planning via Implicit Residual World Models19 Oct 2025
- 2024Driving in the Occupancy World: Vision-Centric 4D Occupancy Forecasting and Planning via World Models for Autonomous Driving26 Aug 2024
- 2025DrivePI: Spatial-aware 4D MLLM for Unified Autonomous Driving Understanding, Perception, Prediction and Planningcited by 15
- 2025AutoOcc: Automatic Open-Ended Semantic Occupancy Annotation via Vision-Language Guided Gaussian Splattingcited by 14
- 2026Qwen-Drive-1.0: An Initial Step towards a Vision-Language Foundation Model for Autonomous Drivingcited by 9
- 2026Qwen-Drive-1.0: An Initial Step towards a Vision-Language Foundation Model for Autonomous Driving31 Aug 2026
- 2025DrivePI: Spatial-aware 4D MLLM for Unified Autonomous Driving Understanding, Perception, Prediction and Planning14 Dec 2025
- 2025AutoOcc: Automatic Open-Ended Semantic Occupancy Annotation via Vision-Language Guided Gaussian Splatting7 Feb 2025
- 2024GaussianFormer: Scene as Gaussians for Vision-Based 3D Semantic Occupancy Predictioncited by 157
- 2024GaussianFormer-2: Probabilistic Gaussian Superposition for Efficient 3D Occupancy Predictioncited by 86
- 2024GaussianOcc: Fully Self-supervised and Efficient 3D Occupancy Estimation with Gaussian Splattingcited by 50
- 2023OctreeOcc: Efficient and Multi-Granularity Occupancy Prediction Using Octree Queriescited by 48
- 2024GaussTR: Foundation Model-Aligned Gaussian Transformer for Self-Supervised 3D Spatial Understandingcited by 46
- 2023OccNeRF: Advancing 3D Occupancy Prediction in LiDAR-Free Environmentscited by 41
- 2024A Survey on Occupancy Perception for Autonomous Driving: The Information Fusion Perspectivecited by 37
- 2024Unleashing HyDRa: Hybrid Fusion, Depth Consistency and Radar for Unified 3D Perceptioncited by 35
- 2024Monocular Occupancy Prediction for Scalable Indoor Scenescited by 31
- 2024Vision-based 3D occupancy prediction in autonomous driving: a review and outlookcited by 29
- 2024OmniHD-Scenes: A Next-Generation Multimodal Dataset for Autonomous Drivingcited by 27
- 2025GaussianFlowOcc: Sparse and Weakly Supervised Occupancy Estimation using Gaussian Splatting and Temporal Flowcited by 24
12 most cited of 87 All 87 (JSON)
- 2026GNFormer: Gaussian Neural Field Transformer for Efficient Camera-based Occupancy Prediction11 Oct 2026
- 2026LighTROcc: Lightweight 4D Occupancy Forecasting via Instance-Centric 3D Gaussians7 Oct 2026
- 2026MapLightning: Online Vectorized HD Map Construction with 1D Map Tokens1 Oct 2026
- 2026AdaOcc: Adaptive 3D Occupancy Prediction for Embodied Tasks30 Sep 2026
- 2026DualPathOcc: Dual-Resolution BEV Encoder for 3D Occupancy Prediction6 Sep 2026
- 2026OPUS-V2: Bridging the Gap between Sparse Points and Dense Voxels29 Aug 2026
- 2026OccAnyScene: Towards Unified Indoor-Outdoor 3D Occupancy Prediction9 Aug 2026
- 2026RayOcc: Occlusion-Aware Ray Occupancy Estimation via Gaussian Mixture Intensity20 Jul 2026
- 2026SparseOcc++: Geometry-Aware Sparse Latent Representation for Semantic Occupancy Prediction6 Jul 2026
- 2026Humanoid-OmniOcc: Stereo-Based Full-View Occupancy Dataset for Embodied AI22 Jun 2026
- 2026FLM-Occ: Feed-forward Likelihood Maximization for Efficient Indoor Occupancy Prediction19 Jun 2026
- 2026LiAuto-GeoX: Efficient Grounded Driving Transformer4 Jun 2026
12 newest of 87 All 87 (JSON)