mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Chain of Images for Intuitively Reasoning

arXiv 2311.09241 ↗First posted 9 Nov 2023cs.CV cs.AI cs.LGcited by 21

On the map: LLM reasoning → Multimodal reasoning

Abstract (arXiv)

The human brain is naturally equipped to comprehend and interpret visual information rapidly. When confronted with complex problems or concepts, we use flowcharts, sketches, and diagrams to aid our thought process. Leveraging this inherent ability can significantly enhance logical reasoning. However, current Large Language Models (LLMs) do not utilize such visual intuition to help their thinking. Even the most advanced version language models (e.g., GPT-4V and LLaVA) merely align images into textual space, which means their reasoning processes remain purely verbal. To mitigate such limitations, we present a Chain of Images (CoI) approach, which can convert complex language reasoning problems to simple pattern recognition by generating a series of images as intermediate representations. Furthermore, we have developed a CoI evaluation dataset encompassing 15 distinct domains where images can intuitively aid problem-solving. Based on this dataset, we aim to construct a benchmark to assess the capability of future multimodal large-scale models to leverage images for reasoning. In supporting our CoI reasoning, we introduce a symbolic multimodal large language model (SyMLLM) that generates images strictly based on language instructions and accepts both text and image as input. Experiments on Geometry, Chess and Common Sense tasks sourced from the CoI evaluation dataset show that CoI improves performance significantly over the pure-language Chain of Thoughts (CoT) baselines. The code is available at https://github.com/GraphPKU/CoI.

Key facts. Cited by 21 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Multimodal reasoning, one of 17 directions in LLM reasoning. Builds on 16 of its 36 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 9 Nov 2023.

Builds on

16 of 36 references.

References · 16

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
  2. 2023LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Modelscited by 14,132
  3. 2023Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arenacited by 8,626
  4. 2020Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understandingcited by 7,963
  5. 2023Visual Instruction Tuningcited by 7,869
  6. 2020Scaling Laws for Neural Language Modelscited by 6,586
  7. 2023BLIP-2: Bootstrapping Language-Image Pre-training with Frozen Image Encoders and Large Language Modelscited by 6,137
  8. 2022PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathwayscited by 5,326
  9. 2023SDXL: Improving Latent Diffusion Models for High-Resolution Image Synthesiscited by 4,356
  10. 2023QLoRA: Efficient Finetuning of Quantized LLMscited by 3,418
  11. 2022Beyond the Imitation Game: Quantifying and extrapolating the capabilities of language modelscited by 1,998
  12. 2023AGIEval: A Human-Centric Benchmark for Evaluating Foundation Modelscited by 716
4 more
  1. 2022GPT-NeoX-20B: An Open-Source Autoregressive Language Modelcited by 713
  2. 2023NExT-GPT: Any-to-Any Multimodal LLMcited by 615
  3. 2023DreamLLM: Synergistic Multimodal Comprehension and Creationcited by 297
  4. 2023ChessGPT: Bridging Policy Learning and Language Modelingcited by 75

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 3; 2025: 13; 2026: 5.

21 papers.

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  1. 2025Multimodal Chain-of-Thought Reasoning: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 182
  2. 2025Perception, Reason, Think, and Plan: A Survey on Large Multimodal Reasoning Modelscited by 90
  3. 2025MINT-CoT: Enabling Interleaved Visual Tokens in Mathematical Chain-of-Thought Reasoningcited by 49
  4. 2024Beyond Chain-of-Thought: A Survey of Chain-of-X Paradigms for LLMscited by 48
  5. 2025SSR: Enhancing Depth Perception in Vision-Language Models via Rationale-Guided Spatial Reasoningcited by 46
  6. 2025Visual Thoughts: A Unified Perspective of Understanding Multimodal Chain-of-Thoughtcited by 35
  7. 2024CoMT: A Novel Benchmark for Chain of Multi-modal Thought on Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 30
  8. 2025SafeMLRM: Demystifying Safety in Multi-modal Large Reasoning Modelscited by 29
  9. 2025Chiron-o1: Igniting Multimodal Large Language Models towards Generalizable Medical Reasoning via Mentor-Intern Collaborative Searchcited by 16
  10. 2025Human Cognitive Benchmarks Reveal Foundational Visual Gaps in MLLMscited by 13
  11. 2025PixelCraft: A Multi-Agent System for High-Fidelity Visual Reasoning on Structured Imagescited by 12
  12. 2025LaRe: Latent Refocusing for Multimodal Reasoningcited by 8
9 more
  1. 2026Bridging Interleaved Multi-Modal Reasoning as a Unified Decision Processcited by 5
  2. 2025ToolScope: An Agentic Framework for Vision-Guided and Long-Horizon Tool Usecited by 4
  3. 2026Let's Think with Images Efficiently! An Interleaved-Modal Chain-of-Thought Reasoning Framework with Dynamic and Precise Visual Thoughtscited by 4
  4. 2026DIVA-GRPO: Enhancing Multimodal Reasoning through Difficulty-Adaptive Variant Advantagecited by 3
  5. 2025ChainV: Atomic Visual Hints Make Multimodal Reasoning Shorter and Bettercited by 1
  6. 2025MIND: Multi-rationale INtegrated Discriminative Reasoning Framework for Multi-modal Large Modelscited by 1
  7. 2026GeoFocus: Blending Efficient Global-to-Local Perception for Multimodal Geometry Problem-Solvingcited by 1
  8. 2024How Vision-Language Tasks Benefit from Large Pre-trained Models: A Surveycited by 0
  9. 2026From Stages to States: Unified Iterative Reasoning for MLLMscited by 0

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2024CogCoM: A Visual Language Model with Chain-of-Manipulations Reasoning
  2. 2026CoVA-SFT: A Large-Scale Dataset for Chain of Visual Abstractions
  3. 2025VisReason: A Large-Scale Dataset for Visual Chain-of-Thought Reasoning
  4. 2026Optical Reasoning: Rethinking Images as an Expressive Reasoning Medium Beyond Text
  5. 2025CodePlot-CoT: Mathematical Visual Reasoning by Thinking with Code-Driven Images
  6. 2024Cantor: Inspiring Multimodal Chain-of-Thought of MLLM
  7. 2025Thinking with Images for Multimodal Reasoning: Foundations, Methods, and Future Frontiers
  8. 2023DOMINO: A Dual-System for Multi-step Visual Language Reasoning