mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Toolink: Linking Toolkit Creation and Using through Chain-of-Solving on Open-Source Model

arXiv 2310.05155 ↗First posted 8 Oct 2023cs.CL cs.AIcited by 29

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Abstract (arXiv)

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable progress in utilizing tools, but their closed-source nature and high inference costs pose limitations on their adaptability, necessitating a valid method that leverages smaller, open-sourced models. In this paper, we introduce Toolink, a comprehensive framework that performs task-solving by first creating a toolkit and then integrating the planning and calling of tools through a chain-of-solving (CoS) approach. We first validate the efficacy of Toolink in harnessing the model's creativity and CoS ability on ChatGPT. Subsequently, we curate CoS-GPT, a chain-of-solving dataset designed for tool-using, and finetune the LLaMA-7B model. It results in LLaMA-CoS, a powerful open-source model with advanced tool-planning and tool-calling capabilities. Evaluation of diverse tasks from BIG-bench demonstrates its CoS ability matches that of ChatGPT while its performance surpasses the chain-of-thought approach. Further studies highlight the generalization of LLaMA-CoS to unseen tasks and showcase its capability in using toolkits not explicitly tailored for the target task, affirming its robustness in real-world scenarios.

Key facts. Cited by 29 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 38 of its 41 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 8 Oct 2023.

Builds on

38 of 41 references.

References · 38

  1. 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,971
  2. 2019Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformercited by 14,599
  3. 2021LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Modelscited by 14,380
  4. 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 12,459
  5. 2021Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problemscited by 10,109
  6. 2021Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Codecited by 8,320
  7. 2023Visual Instruction Tuningcited by 7,869
  8. 2019Parameter-Efficient Transfer Learning for NLPcited by 4,236
  9. 2023Toolformer: Language Models Can Teach Themselves to Use Toolscited by 4,182
  10. 2020Extracting Training Data from Large Language Modelscited by 2,189
  11. 2022Beyond the Imitation Game: Quantifying and extrapolating the capabilities of language modelscited by 1,998
  12. 2023ToolLLM: Facilitating Large Language Models to Master 16000+ Real-world APIscited by 1,947
26 more
  1. 2021Improving language models by retrieving from trillions of tokenscited by 1,293
  2. 2022LaMDA: Language Models for Dialog Applicationscited by 1,220
  3. 2023HuggingGPT: Solving AI Tasks with ChatGPT and its Friends in Hugging Facecited by 1,190
  4. 2022Program of Thoughts Prompting: Disentangling Computation from Reasoning for Numerical Reasoning Taskscited by 1,076
  5. 2022Interleaving Retrieval with Chain-of-Thought Reasoning for Knowledge-Intensive Multi-Step Questionscited by 923
  6. 2021Show Your Work: Scratchpads for Intermediate Computation with Language Modelscited by 886
  7. 2021Are NLP Models really able to Solve Simple Math Word Problems?cited by 878
  8. 2019Generalization through Memorization: Nearest Neighbor Language Modelscited by 800
  9. 2023LLaMA-Adapter: Efficient Fine-tuning of Language Models with Zero-init Attentioncited by 781
  10. 2023The Flan Collection: Designing Data and Methods for Effective Instruction Tuningcited by 739
  11. 2023Instruction Tuning with GPT-4cited by 686
  12. 2023Visual ChatGPT: Talking, Drawing and Editing with Visual Foundation Modelscited by 668
  13. 2019MathQA: Towards Interpretable Math Word Problem Solving with Operation-Based Formalismscited by 662
  14. 2022PAL: Program-aided Language Modelscited by 652
  15. 2017Program Induction by Rationale Generation : Learning to Solve and Explain Algebraic Word Problemscited by 650
  16. 2021FinQA: A Dataset of Numerical Reasoning over Financial Datacited by 562
  17. 2020AdapterHub: A Framework for Adapting Transformerscited by 444
  18. 2023Chameleon: Plug-and-Play Compositional Reasoning with Large Language Modelscited by 356
  19. 2022Dynamic Prompt Learning via Policy Gradient for Semi-structured Mathematical Reasoningcited by 350
  20. 2023Large Language Models as Tool Makerscited by 303
  21. 2023Tool Learning with Foundation Modelscited by 302
  22. 2022TALM: Tool Augmented Language Modelscited by 197
  23. 2023TaskMatrix.AI: Completing Tasks by Connecting Foundation Models with Millions of APIscited by 184
  24. 2022KNN-Diffusion: Image Generation via Large-Scale Retrievalcited by 137
  25. 2022A Survey of Deep Learning for Mathematical Reasoningcited by 124
  26. 2023Goat: Fine-tuned LLaMA Outperforms GPT-4 on Arithmetic Taskscited by 84

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 8; 2025: 13; 2026: 8.

29 papers.

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  1. 2025ToolRL: Reward is All Tool Learning Needscited by 362
  2. 2024Tool Learning with Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 223
  3. 2025Large Language Model Agent: A Survey on Methodology, Applications and Challengescited by 205
  4. 2024A Review of Large Language Models and Autonomous Agents in Chemistrycited by 99
  5. 2024Proactive Agent: Shifting LLM Agents from Reactive Responses to Active Assistancecited by 87
  6. 2025Acting Less is Reasoning More! Teaching Model to Act Efficientlycited by 80
  7. 2025UserBench: An Interactive Gym Environment for User-Centric Agentscited by 76
  8. 2024Tell Me More! Towards Implicit User Intention Understanding of Language Model Driven Agentscited by 74
  9. 2025SMART: Self-Aware Agent for Tool Overuse Mitigationcited by 52
  10. 2025Retrieval Models Aren't Tool-Savvy: Benchmarking Tool Retrieval for Large Language Modelscited by 47
  11. 2025Learning to Generate Structured Output with Schema Reinforcement Learningcited by 29
  12. 2024Investigate-Consolidate-Exploit: A General Strategy for Inter-Task Agent Self-Evolutioncited by 28
17 more
  1. 2025ToolRM: Outcome Reward Models for Tool-Calling Large Language Modelscited by 17
  2. 2025xRouter: Training Cost-Aware LLMs Orchestration System via Reinforcement Learningcited by 17
  3. 2025Divide-Then-Aggregate: An Efficient Tool Learning Method via Parallel Tool Invocationcited by 16
  4. 2025GTool: Graph Enhanced Tool Planning with Large Language Modelcited by 10
  5. 2024SoAy: A Solution-based LLM API-using Methodology for Academic Information Seekingcited by 7
  6. 2024EscapeBench: Towards Advancing Creative Intelligence of Language Model Agentscited by 6
  7. 2024A Study on Training and Developing Large Language Models for Behavior Tree Generationcited by 4
  8. 2026Tool-Genesis: A Task-Driven Tool Creation Benchmark for Self-Evolving Language Agentcited by 4
  9. 2025Schema as Parameterized Tools for Universal Information Extractioncited by 3
  10. 2025MENTOR: Reinforcement Learning via Flexible Teacher-Optimized Rewards for Tool-Use Distillationcited by 2
  11. 2026Multi-Field Tool Retrievalcited by 2
  12. 2026IEA: Amateur-Friendly Conversational Image Editing Agent via Three Stages of Multitask Alignmentcited by 2
  13. 2026Controlling Tool Use with Heading-Specific Activation Steeringcited by 2
  14. 2026PEARL: Plan Exploration and Adaptive Reinforcement Learning for Multihop Tool Usecited by 1
  15. 2026DiG-Plan: Mitigating Early Commitment for Tool-Graph Planning via Diffusion Guidancecited by 1
  16. 2026Tunable Tool-Call Rates in LLM Agents via Representation Steeringcited by 1
  17. 2026GRAFT: Graph-Tokenized LLMs for Tool Planningcited by 0

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2024ToolEyes: Fine-Grained Evaluation for Tool Learning Capabilities of Large Language Models in Real-world Scenarios
  2. 2025MCP-RADAR: A Multi-Dimensional Benchmark for Evaluating Tool Use Capabilities in Large Language Models
  3. 2024ToolNet: Connecting Large Language Models with Massive Tools via Tool Graph
  4. 2025ToolHop: A Query-Driven Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Models in Multi-Hop Tool Use
  5. 2023Chain-of-Thought Hub: A Continuous Effort to Measure Large Language Models' Reasoning Performance
  6. 2024LLM With Tools: A Survey
  7. 2023ChatCoT: Tool-Augmented Chain-of-Thought Reasoning on Chat-based Large Language Models
  8. 2025ToLeaP: Rethinking Development of Tool Learning with Large Language Models