mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

MCP-RADAR: A Multi-Dimensional Benchmark for Evaluating Tool Use Capabilities in Large Language Models

arXiv 2505.16700 ↗First posted 22 May 2025cs.AIcited by 48

On the map: LLM agents and tool use → Tool learning and function calling

Abstract (arXiv)

As Large Language Models (LLMs) evolve from passive text generators to active reasoning agents capable of interacting with external tools, the Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a key standardized framework for dynamic tool discovery and orchestration. Despite its widespread industry adoption, existing evaluation methods do not adequately assess tool utilization capabilities under this new paradigm. To address this gap, this paper introduces MCP-RADAR, the first comprehensive benchmark specifically designed to evaluate LLM performance within the MCP framework. MCP-RADAR features a challenging dataset of 507 tasks spanning six domains: mathematical reasoning, web search, email, calendar, file management, and terminal operations. It quantifies performance based on two primary criteria: answer correctness and operational accuracy. To closely emulate real-world usage, our evaluation employs both authentic MCP tools and high-fidelity simulations of official tools. Unlike traditional benchmarks that rely on subjective human evaluation or binary success metrics, MCP-RADAR adopts objective, quantifiable measurements across multiple task domains, including computational resource efficiency and the number of successful tool-invocation rounds. Our evaluation of leading closed-source and open-source LLMs reveals distinct capability profiles and highlights a significant trade-off between accuracy and efficiency. Our findings provide actionable insights for both LLM developers and tool creators, establishing a standardized methodology applicable to the broader LLM agent ecosystem. All implementations, configurations, and datasets are publicly available at https://anonymous.4open.science/r/MCPRadar-B143.

Key facts. Cited by 48 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Tool learning and function calling, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 30 of its 52 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 May 2025.

Builds on

30 of 52 references.

Closest ancestors · 9

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2023MetaTool Benchmark for Large Language Models: Deciding Whether to Use Tools and Which to Use4 Oct
  2. 2023MINT: Evaluating LLMs in Multi-turn Interaction with Tools and Language Feedback19 Sep
  3. 2023ToolLLM: Facilitating Large Language Models to Master 16000+ Real-world APIs31 Jul
  4. 2023ToolQA: A Dataset for LLM Question Answering with External Tools23 Jun
  5. 2023ToolAlpaca: Generalized Tool Learning for Language Models with 3000 Simulated Cases8 Jun
  6. 2023Gorilla: Large Language Model Connected with Massive APIs24 May
  7. 2023API-Bank: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Tool-Augmented LLMs14 Apr
  8. 2023Toolformer: Language Models Can Teach Themselves to Use Tools9 Feb
  9. 2022TALM: Tool Augmented Language Models24 May

Other references · 21

  1. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,419
  2. 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 12,459
  3. 2021Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problemscited by 10,109
  4. 2020Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understandingcited by 7,963
  5. 2021Measuring Mathematical Problem Solving With the MATH Datasetcited by 5,371
  6. 2021Program Synthesis with Large Language Modelscited by 3,637
  7. 2023AgentBench: Evaluating LLMs as Agentscited by 1,267
  8. 2020ALFWorld: Aligning Text and Embodied Environments for Interactive Learningcited by 1,205
  9. 2023GAIA: a benchmark for General AI Assistantscited by 1,128
  10. 2020Exploiting Cloze Questions for Few Shot Text Classification and Natural Language Inferencecited by 938
  11. 2023AGIEval: A Human-Centric Benchmark for Evaluating Foundation Modelscited by 716
  12. 2023Chameleon: Plug-and-Play Compositional Reasoning with Large Language Modelscited by 356
9 more
  1. 2023ToRA: A Tool-Integrated Reasoning Agent for Mathematical Problem Solvingcited by 282
  2. 2023TaskMatrix.AI: Completing Tasks by Connecting Foundation Models with Millions of APIscited by 184
  3. 2023RestGPT: Connecting Large Language Models with Real-World RESTful APIscited by 135
  4. 2023On the Tool Manipulation Capability of Open-source Large Language Modelscited by 122
  5. 2023Tool Documentation Enables Zero-Shot Tool-Usage with Large Language Modelscited by 68
  6. 2024WorkBench: a Benchmark Dataset for Agents in a Realistic Workplace Settingcited by 53
  7. 2023Interactive Natural Language Processingcited by 31
  8. 2024MTU-Bench: A Multi-granularity Tool-Use Benchmark for Large Language Modelscited by 17
  9. 2024AutoFeedback: An LLM-based Framework for Efficient and Accurate API Request Generationcited by 3

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 27; 2026: 21.

48 papers.

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By area:

  1. 2025MCP-Bench: Benchmarking Tool-Using LLM Agents with Complex Real-World Tasks via MCP Serverscited by 109
  2. 2025MCP-Universe: Benchmarking Large Language Models with Real-World Model Context Protocol Serverscited by 96
  3. 2025The Tool Decathlon: Benchmarking Language Agents for Diverse, Realistic, and Long-Horizon Task Executioncited by 85
  4. 2025TOUCAN: Synthesizing 1.5M Tool-Agentic Data from Real-World MCP Environmentscited by 69
  5. 2026MCP-Atlas: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Tool-Use Competency with Real MCP Serverscited by 53
  6. 2025LiveMCPBench: Can Agents Navigate an Ocean of MCP Tools?cited by 48
  7. 2025MCPMark: A Benchmark for Stress-Testing Realistic and Comprehensive MCP Usecited by 39
  8. 2026Gaia2: Benchmarking LLM Agents on Dynamic and Asynchronous Environmentscited by 33
  9. 2026ClawsBench: Evaluating Capability and Safety of LLM Productivity Agents in Simulated Workspacescited by 33
  10. 2025MCPToolBench++: A Large Scale AI Agent Model Context Protocol MCP Tool Use Benchmarkcited by 32
  11. 2025MCP-AgentBench: Evaluating Real-World Language Agent Performance with MCP-Mediated Toolscited by 32
  12. 2025ARE: Scaling Up Agent Environments and Evaluationscited by 30
36 more
  1. 2026SkillCraft: Can LLM Agents Learn to Use Tools Skillfully?cited by 30
  2. 2025OSWorld-MCP: Benchmarking MCP Tool Invocation In Computer-Use Agentscited by 29
  3. 2026From Static Templates to Dynamic Runtime Graphs: A Survey of Workflow Optimization for LLM Agentscited by 24
  4. 2025LiveMCP-101: Stress Testing and Diagnosing MCP-enabled Agents on Challenging Queriescited by 17
  5. 2025MCPVerse: An Expansive, Real-World Benchmark for Agentic Tool Usecited by 16
  6. 2026Toward Efficient Agents: Memory, Tool learning, and Planningcited by 16
  7. 2026ToolPRMBench: Evaluating and Advancing Process Reward Models for Tool-using Agentscited by 14
  8. 2025MCP-Flow: Facilitating LLM Agents to Master Real-World, Diverse and Scaling MCP Toolscited by 11
  9. 2025M^3-Bench: Multi-Modal, Multi-Hop, Multi-Threaded Tool-Using MLLM Agent Benchmarkcited by 11
  10. 2025Routine: A Structural Planning Framework for LLM Agent System in Enterprisecited by 9
  11. 2025IoT-MCP: Bridging LLMs and IoT Systems Through Model Context Protocolcited by 9
  12. 2025MCPAgentBench: A Real-world Task Benchmark for Evaluating LLM Agent MCP Tool Usecited by 9
  13. 2026ACE-Router: Generalizing History-Aware Routing from MCP Tools to the Agent Webcited by 7
  14. 2025TheMCPCompany: Creating General-purpose Agents with Task-specific Toolscited by 4
  15. 2026Can Agents Generalize to the Open World? Unveiling the Fragility of Static Training in Tool Usecited by 4
  16. 2025Help or Hurdle? Rethinking Model Context Protocol-Augmented Large Language Modelscited by 3
  17. 2025InfoMosaic-Bench: Evaluating Multi-Source Information Seeking in Tool-Augmented Agentscited by 3
  18. 2025Benchmark for Planning and Control with Large Language Model Agents: Blocksworld with Model Context Protocolcited by 3
  19. 2026MedMCP-Calc: Benchmarking LLMs for Realistic Medical Calculator Scenarios via MCP Integrationcited by 3
  20. 2026MCPShield: A Security Cognition Layer for Adaptive Trust Calibration in Model Context Protocol Agentscited by 3
  21. 2026Beyond Accuracy: Unveiling Inefficiency Patterns in Tool-Integrated Reasoningcited by 3
  22. 2026FrontierFinance: A Long-Horizon Computer-Use Benchmark of Real-World Financial Taskscited by 3
  23. 2026UniToolCall: Unifying Tool-Use Representation, Data, and Evaluation for LLM Agentscited by 3
  24. 2025A Longitudinal Measurement of Privacy Policy Evolution for Large Language Modelscited by 2
  25. 2026From Knowing to Acting: Benchmarking Self-Awareness Capability of LLM Agentscited by 2
  26. 2025Can LLM Infer Risk Information From MCP Server System Logs?cited by 1
  27. 2025Agentic DraCor and the Art of Docstring Engineering: Evaluating MCP-empowered LLM Usage of the DraCor APIcited by 0
  28. 2025Servant, Stalker, Predator: How An Honest, Helpful, And Harmless (3H) Agent Unlocks Adversarial Skillscited by 0
  29. 2025ETOM: A Five-Level Benchmark for Evaluating Tool Orchestration within the MCP Ecosystemcited by 0
  30. 2025HumanMCP: A Human-Like Query Dataset for Evaluating MCP Tool Retrieval Performancecited by 0
  31. 2026Domain-Specialized Tree of Thought through Plug-and-Play Predictorscited by 0
  32. 2026TOBench: A Task-Oriented Omni-Modal Benchmark for Real-World Tool-Using Agentscited by 0
  33. 2026DynamicMCPBench: A Trace-Grounded, Effect-Scored Benchmark for LLM Agents over Live MCP Serverscited by 0
  34. 2026Benchmarking AI Agents for Hardware Design Automation via MCP Tool Callingcited by 0
  35. 2026MCPGen: Benchmarking LLMs on Executable MCPWorkflow Developmentcited by 0
  36. 2026RecToolBench: Benchmarking Recommendation-Specific Tool Orchestration under Fuzzy User Intentcited by 0

Similar, not cited

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  1. 2026Semantic Tool Discovery for Large Language Models: A Vector-Based Approach to MCP Tool Selection
  2. 2024ToolEyes: Fine-Grained Evaluation for Tool Learning Capabilities of Large Language Models in Real-world Scenarios
  3. 2025TRAJECT-Bench:A Trajectory-Aware Benchmark for Evaluating Agentic Tool Use
  4. 2025ScaleMCP: Dynamic and Auto-Synchronizing Model Context Protocol Tools for LLM Agents
  5. 2023Toolink: Linking Toolkit Creation and Using through Chain-of-Solving on Open-Source Model
  6. 2025ToolHop: A Query-Driven Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Models in Multi-Hop Tool Use
  7. 2025RAG-MCP: Mitigating Prompt Bloat in LLM Tool Selection via Retrieval-Augmented Generation
  8. 2026Benchmarking the Benchmarks: A Validity Audit of Tool-Calling Evaluation