mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

HC3 Plus: A Semantic-Invariant Human ChatGPT Comparison Corpus

arXiv 2309.02731 ↗First posted 6 Sep 2023cs.CL cs.AIcited by 33

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Abstract (arXiv)

ChatGPT has garnered significant interest due to its impressive performance; however, there is growing concern about its potential risks, particularly in the detection of AI-generated content (AIGC), which is often challenging for untrained individuals to identify. Current datasets used for detecting ChatGPT-generated text primarily focus on question-answering tasks, often overlooking tasks with semantic-invariant properties, such as summarization, translation, and paraphrasing. In this paper, we demonstrate that detecting model-generated text in semantic-invariant tasks is more challenging. To address this gap, we introduce a more extensive and comprehensive dataset that incorporates a wider range of tasks than previous work, including those with semantic-invariant properties. In addition, instruction fine-tuning has demonstrated superior performance across various tasks. In this paper, we explore the use of instruction fine-tuning models for detecting text generated by ChatGPT.

Key facts. Cited by 33 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 18 of its 23 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 6 Sep 2023.

Builds on

18 of 23 references.

References · 18

  1. 2023LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Modelscited by 13,958
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6 more
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 9; 2025: 9; 2026: 14.

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  1. 2024RAID: A Shared Benchmark for Robust Evaluation of Machine-Generated Text Detectorscited by 157
  2. 2023A Survey on Detection of LLMs-Generated Contentcited by 70
  3. 2024Beemo: Benchmark of Expert-edited Machine-generated Outputscited by 26
  4. 2024Stumbling Blocks: Stress Testing the Robustness of Machine-Generated Text Detectors Under Attackscited by 25
  5. 2024Detecting AI-Generated Text: Factors Influencing Detectability with Current Methodscited by 23
  6. 2024A Survey of AI-generated Text Forensic Systems: Detection, Attribution, and Characterizationcited by 18
  7. 2025textttDroid: A Resource Suite for AI-Generated Code Detectioncited by 9
  8. 2024Are AI Detectors Good Enough? A Survey on Quality of Datasets With Machine-Generated Textscited by 8
  9. 2025KatFishNet: Detecting LLM-Generated Korean Text through Linguistic Feature Analysiscited by 6
  10. 2026Global Evolutionary Steering: Refining Activation Steering Control via Cross-Layer Consistencycited by 4
  11. 2024Towards Reliable Detection of LLM-Generated Texts: A Comprehensive Evaluation Framework with CUDRTcited by 3
  12. 2025Who Writes What: Unveiling the Impact of Author Roles on AI-generated Text Detectioncited by 3
21 more
  1. 2025The Arabic AI Fingerprint: Stylometric Analysis and Detection of Large Language Models Textcited by 3
  2. 2025CoCoNUTS: Concentrating on Content while Neglecting Uninformative Textual Styles for AI-Generated Peer Review Detectioncited by 3
  3. 2025PADBen: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Evaluating AI Text Detectors Against Paraphrase Attackscited by 3
  4. 2024Advacheck at GenAI Detection Task 1: AI Detection Powered by Domain-Aware Multi-Taskingcited by 2
  5. 2026Minimizing Mismatch Risk: A Prototype-Based Routing Framework for Zero-shot LLM-generated Text Detectioncited by 2
  6. 2026Spotlights and Blindspots: Evaluating Machine-Generated Text Detectioncited by 2
  7. 2026Feature-Augmented Transformers for Robust AI-Text Detection Across Domains and Generatorscited by 2
  8. 2026TSM-Bench: Detecting LLM-Generated Text in Real-World Wikipedia Editing Practicescited by 2
  9. 2024Investigating the Influence of Prompt-Specific Shortcuts in AI Generated Text Detectioncited by 1
  10. 2025AI Text Detectors and the Misclassification of Slightly Polished Arabic Textcited by 1
  11. 2026MAGA-Bench: Machine-Augment-Generated Text via Alignment Detection Benchmarkcited by 1
  12. 2026The Statistical Signature of LLMscited by 1
  13. 2026Reasoning-Aware AIGC Detection via Alignment and Reinforcementcited by 1
  14. 2026DetectZoo: A Unified Toolkit for AI-Generated Content Detection Across Text, Audio, and Image Modalitiescited by 1
  15. 2026Hitting a Moving Target: Test-Time Adaptation for AI Text Detection under Continual Distribution Shiftcited by 1
  16. 2025Stylometry recognizes human and LLM-generated texts in short samplescited by 0
  17. 2025StylOch at PAN: Gradient-Boosted Trees with Frequency-Based Stylometric Featurescited by 0
  18. 2026Telescope: Improving Zero Shot Detection of LLM Generated Content By Measuring Token Repetition Probabilitycited by 0
  19. 2026IndicDetect: Evaluating Cross-Lingual LLM-Generated Text Detection for Hindi, Telugu, and Tamilcited by 0
  20. 2026Policy-Conditioned AI-Use Detection: An Evidentiary Framework for Academic Publishingcited by 0
  21. 2026DeBERTa-ConPara: Attack-Aware and Deployment-Realistic Detection of AI-Generated Textcited by 0