Dynamic Residual Classifier for Class Incremental Learning
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Abstract (arXiv)
The rehearsal strategy is widely used to alleviate the catastrophic forgetting problem in class incremental learning (CIL) by preserving limited exemplars from previous tasks. With imbalanced sample numbers between old and new classes, the classifier learning can be biased. Existing CIL methods exploit the long-tailed (LT) recognition techniques, e.g., the adjusted losses and the data re-sampling methods, to handle the data imbalance issue within each increment task. In this work, the dynamic nature of data imbalance in CIL is shown and a novel Dynamic Residual Classifier (DRC) is proposed to handle this challenging scenario. Specifically, DRC is built upon a recent advance residual classifier with the branch layer merging to handle the model-growing problem. Moreover, DRC is compatible with different CIL pipelines and substantially improves them. Combining DRC with the model adaptation and fusion (MAF) pipeline, this method achieves state-of-the-art results on both the conventional CIL and the LT-CIL benchmarks. Extensive experiments are also conducted for a detailed analysis. The code is publicly available.
Key facts. Cited by 26 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 36 of its 49 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 25 Aug 2023.
Builds on
36 of 49 references.
References · 36
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 52,096
- 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 30,186
- 2015Distilling the Knowledge in a Neural Networkcited by 10,324
- 2022Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 5,627
- 2016iCaRL: Incremental Classifier and Representation Learningcited by 2,333
- 2017Gradient Episodic Memory for Continual Learningcited by 1,898
- 2019Class-Balanced Loss Based on Effective Number of Samplescited by 1,245
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- 2018Experience Replay for Continual Learningcited by 1,095
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24 more
- 2018Overcoming catastrophic forgetting with hard attention to the taskcited by 681
- 2020Long-tail learning via logit adjustmentcited by 618
- 2019Three scenarios for continual learningcited by 614
- 2018End-to-End Incremental Learningcited by 597
- 2017A systematic study of the class imbalance problem in convolutional neural networkscited by 513
- 2020Class-incremental learning: survey and performance evaluation on image classificationcited by 449
- 2021Deep Long-Tailed Learning: A Surveycited by 417
- 2022Decoupled Knowledge Distillationcited by 388
- 2021DER: Dynamically Expandable Representation for Class Incremental Learningcited by 355
- 2019Learn to Grow: A Continual Structure Learning Framework for Overcoming Catastrophic Forgettingcited by 302
- 2021DyTox: Transformers for Continual Learning with DYnamic TOken eXpansioncited by 291
- 2019Maintaining Discrimination and Fairness in Class Incremental Learningcited by 283
- 2018What is the Effect of Importance Weighting in Deep Learning?cited by 251
- 2018Learning without Memorizingcited by 250
- 2018Selective Experience Replay for Lifelong Learningcited by 241
- 2022FOSTER: Feature Boosting and Compression for Class-Incremental Learningcited by 229
- 2019Compacting, Picking and Growing for Unforgetting Continual Learningcited by 207
- 2016Range Loss for Deep Face Recognition with Long-tailcited by 111
- 2021ResLT: Residual Learning for Long-tailed Recognitioncited by 96
- 2021PyCIL: A Python Toolbox for Class-Incremental Learningcited by 83
- 2022A Survey on Long-Tailed Visual Recognitioncited by 75
- 2022Long-Tailed Class Incremental Learningcited by 36
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- 2021Split-and-Bridge: Adaptable Class Incremental Learning within a Single Neural Networkcited by 14
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 9; 2025: 9; 2026: 8.
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- 2024Expandable Subspace Ensemble for Pre-Trained Model-Based Class-Incremental Learningcited by 117
- 2024Consistent Prompting for Rehearsal-Free Continual Learningcited by 54
- 2024Gradient Reweighting: Towards Imbalanced Class-Incremental Learningcited by 37
- 2024Continual LLaVA: Continual Instruction Tuning in Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 22
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- 2024Revisiting Neural Networks for Continual Learning: An Architectural Perspectivecited by 17
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- 2025TransMamba: Fast Universal Architecture Adaption from Transformers to Mambacited by 6
- 2024Online Analytic Exemplar-Free Continual Learning with Large Models for Imbalanced Autonomous Driving Taskcited by 4
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- 2026Elastic Weight Consolidation Done Right for Continual Learningcited by 3
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- 2024Adaptive Margin Global Classifier for Exemplar-Free Class-Incremental Learningcited by 0
- 2025Audio-Visual Class-Incremental Learning for Fish Feeding intensity Assessment in Aquaculturecited by 0
- 2025GradMix: Gradient-based Selective Mixup for Robust Data Augmentation in Class-Incremental Learningcited by 0
- 2025DRL: Discriminative Representation Learning with Parallel Adapters for Class Incremental Learningcited by 0
- 2025EndoCIL: A Class-Incremental Learning Framework for Endoscopic Image Classificationcited by 0
- 2025KORE: Enhancing Knowledge Injection for Large Multimodal Models via Knowledge-Oriented Controlscited by 0
- 2026Pruned Adaptation Modules: A Simple yet Strong Baseline for Continual Foundation Modelscited by 0
- 2026Dual-Imbalance Continual Learning for Real-World Food Recognitioncited by 0
- 2026Autonomous Drift Learning in Data Streams: A Unified Perspectivecited by 0
- 2026Non-Forgetting Knowledge Allocation with Bi-level Competition for Class-Incremental Learningcited by 0
- 2026Non-Forgetting Knowledge Allocation with Bi-level Competition for Class-Incremental Learning28 May 2026
- 2026Energy-Structured Low-Rank Adaptation for Continual Learning26 May 2026
- 2026Autonomous Drift Learning in Data Streams: A Unified Perspective2 May 2026
- 2026Dual-Imbalance Continual Learning for Real-World Food Recognition31 Mar 2026
- 2026Pruned Adaptation Modules: A Simple yet Strong Baseline for Continual Foundation Models22 Mar 2026
- 2026Elastic Weight Consolidation Done Right for Continual Learning19 Mar 2026
- 2026One Adapter for All: Towards Unified Representation in Step-Imbalanced Class-Incremental Learning10 Mar 2026
- 2026Key-Value Pair-Free Continual Learner via Task-Specific Prompt-Prototype8 Jan 2026
- 2025KORE: Enhancing Knowledge Injection for Large Multimodal Models via Knowledge-Oriented Controls22 Oct 2025
- 2025EndoCIL: A Class-Incremental Learning Framework for Endoscopic Image Classification20 Oct 2025
- 2025DRL: Discriminative Representation Learning with Parallel Adapters for Class Incremental Learning14 Oct 2025
- 2025COLT: Enhancing Video Large Language Models with Continual Tool Usage23 Sep 2025
14 more
- 2025GradMix: Gradient-based Selective Mixup for Robust Data Augmentation in Class-Incremental Learning13 May 2025
- 2025Audio-Visual Class-Incremental Learning for Fish Feeding intensity Assessment in Aquaculture21 Apr 2025
- 2025KAC: Kolmogorov-Arnold Classifier for Continual Learning27 Mar 2025
- 2025LoRA Subtraction for Drift-Resistant Space in Exemplar-Free Continual Learning23 Mar 2025
- 2025TransMamba: Fast Universal Architecture Adaption from Transformers to Mamba21 Feb 2025
- 2024Continual LLaVA: Continual Instruction Tuning in Large Vision-Language Models4 Nov 2024
- 2024Class Incremental Learning with Task-Specific Batch Normalization and Out-of-Distribution Detection1 Nov 2024
- 2024Adaptive Margin Global Classifier for Exemplar-Free Class-Incremental Learning20 Sep 2024
- 2024AIR: Analytic Imbalance Rectifier for Continual Learning19 Aug 2024
- 2024Online Analytic Exemplar-Free Continual Learning with Large Models for Imbalanced Autonomous Driving Task28 May 2024
- 2024Revisiting Neural Networks for Continual Learning: An Architectural Perspective23 Apr 2024
- 2024Expandable Subspace Ensemble for Pre-Trained Model-Based Class-Incremental Learning18 Mar 2024
- 2024Consistent Prompting for Rehearsal-Free Continual Learning13 Mar 2024
- 2024Gradient Reweighting: Towards Imbalanced Class-Incremental Learning28 Feb 2024
- 2024Expandable Subspace Ensemble for Pre-Trained Model-Based Class-Incremental Learningcited by 117
- 2024Consistent Prompting for Rehearsal-Free Continual Learningcited by 54
- 2024Gradient Reweighting: Towards Imbalanced Class-Incremental Learningcited by 37
- 2025LoRA Subtraction for Drift-Resistant Space in Exemplar-Free Continual Learningcited by 18
- 2024Revisiting Neural Networks for Continual Learning: An Architectural Perspectivecited by 17
- 2024AIR: Analytic Imbalance Rectifier for Continual Learningcited by 8
- 2024Online Analytic Exemplar-Free Continual Learning with Large Models for Imbalanced Autonomous Driving Taskcited by 4
- 2025KAC: Kolmogorov-Arnold Classifier for Continual Learningcited by 4
- 2026Elastic Weight Consolidation Done Right for Continual Learningcited by 3
- 2026Energy-Structured Low-Rank Adaptation for Continual Learningcited by 3
- 2024Class Incremental Learning with Task-Specific Batch Normalization and Out-of-Distribution Detectioncited by 2
- 2025COLT: Enhancing Video Large Language Models with Continual Tool Usagecited by 2
12 most cited of 23 All 23 (JSON)
- 2026Non-Forgetting Knowledge Allocation with Bi-level Competition for Class-Incremental Learning28 May 2026
- 2026Energy-Structured Low-Rank Adaptation for Continual Learning26 May 2026
- 2026Autonomous Drift Learning in Data Streams: A Unified Perspective2 May 2026
- 2026Dual-Imbalance Continual Learning for Real-World Food Recognition31 Mar 2026
- 2026Pruned Adaptation Modules: A Simple yet Strong Baseline for Continual Foundation Models22 Mar 2026
- 2026Elastic Weight Consolidation Done Right for Continual Learning19 Mar 2026
- 2026One Adapter for All: Towards Unified Representation in Step-Imbalanced Class-Incremental Learning10 Mar 2026
- 2026Key-Value Pair-Free Continual Learner via Task-Specific Prompt-Prototype8 Jan 2026
- 2025EndoCIL: A Class-Incremental Learning Framework for Endoscopic Image Classification20 Oct 2025
- 2025DRL: Discriminative Representation Learning with Parallel Adapters for Class Incremental Learning14 Oct 2025
- 2025COLT: Enhancing Video Large Language Models with Continual Tool Usage23 Sep 2025
- 2025GradMix: Gradient-based Selective Mixup for Robust Data Augmentation in Class-Incremental Learning13 May 2025
12 newest of 23 All 23 (JSON)