mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Long-Tailed Class Incremental Learning

arXiv 2210.00266 ↗First posted 1 Oct 2022cs.CVcited by 36

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Abstract (arXiv)

In class incremental learning (CIL) a model must learn new classes in a sequential manner without forgetting old ones. However, conventional CIL methods consider a balanced distribution for each new task, which ignores the prevalence of long-tailed distributions in the real world. In this work we propose two long-tailed CIL scenarios, which we term ordered and shuffled LT-CIL. Ordered LT-CIL considers the scenario where we learn from head classes collected with more samples than tail classes which have few. Shuffled LT-CIL, on the other hand, assumes a completely random long-tailed distribution for each task. We systematically evaluate existing methods in both LT-CIL scenarios and demonstrate very different behaviors compared to conventional CIL scenarios. Additionally, we propose a two-stage learning baseline with a learnable weight scaling layer for reducing the bias caused by long-tailed distribution in LT-CIL and which in turn also improves the performance of conventional CIL due to the limited exemplars. Our results demonstrate the superior performance (up to 6.44 points in average incremental accuracy) of our approach on CIFAR-100 and ImageNet-Subset. The code is available at https://github.com/xialeiliu/Long-Tailed-CIL

Key facts. Cited by 36 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 36 of its 52 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 1 Oct 2022.

Builds on

36 of 52 references.

References · 36

  1. 2017mixup: Beyond Empirical Risk Minimizationcited by 5,183
  2. 2016Overcoming catastrophic forgetting in neural networkscited by 4,787
  3. 2016Learning without Forgettingcited by 2,496
  4. 2016iCaRL: Incremental Classifier and Representation Learningcited by 2,333
  5. 2018Continual Lifelong Learning with Neural Networks: A Reviewcited by 1,330
  6. 2017Continual Learning with Deep Generative Replaycited by 1,158
  7. 2017Memory Aware Synapses: Learning what (not) to forgetcited by 1,105
  8. 2019Learning Imbalanced Datasets with Label-Distribution-Aware Margin Losscited by 989
  9. 2017PackNet: Adding Multiple Tasks to a Single Network by Iterative Pruningcited by 898
  10. 2019Decoupling Representation and Classifier for Long-Tailed Recognitioncited by 809
  11. 2019Large Scale Incremental Learningcited by 732
  12. 2019Large-Scale Long-Tailed Recognition in an Open Worldcited by 705
24 more
  1. 2017Lifelong Learning with Dynamically Expandable Networkscited by 694
  2. 2018Overcoming catastrophic forgetting with hard attention to the taskcited by 681
  3. 2019Three scenarios for continual learningcited by 614
  4. 2018End-to-End Incremental Learningcited by 597
  5. 2018Progress & Compress: A scalable framework for continual learningcited by 520
  6. 2020Class-incremental learning: survey and performance evaluation on image classificationcited by 449
  7. 2019BBN: Bilateral-Branch Network with Cumulative Learning for Long-Tailed Visual Recognitioncited by 403
  8. 2017The Effectiveness of Data Augmentation in Image Classification using Deep Learningcited by 370
  9. 2021DER: Dynamically Expandable Representation for Class Incremental Learningcited by 355
  10. 2020Long-tailed Recognition by Routing Diverse Distribution-Aware Expertscited by 271
  11. 2020Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 251
  12. 2021Improving Calibration for Long-Tailed Recognitioncited by 212
  13. 2021Distribution Alignment: A Unified Framework for Long-tail Visual Recognitioncited by 198
  14. 2019REMIND Your Neural Network to Prevent Catastrophic Forgettingcited by 197
  15. 2020Learning From Multiple Experts: Self-paced Knowledge Distillation for Long-tailed Classificationcited by 175
  16. 2020Adaptive Aggregation Networks for Class-Incremental Learningcited by 149
  17. 2020Feature Space Augmentation for Long-Tailed Datacited by 136
  18. 2018Rotate your Networks: Better Weight Consolidation and Less Catastrophic Forgettingcited by 127
  19. 2020SS-IL: Separated Softmax for Incremental Learningcited by 126
  20. 2016Range Loss for Deep Face Recognition with Long-tailcited by 111
  21. 2020A Comprehensive Study of Class Incremental Learning Algorithms for Visual Taskscited by 107
  22. 2018Deep Imbalanced Learning for Face Recognition and Attribute Predictioncited by 91
  23. 2020Imbalanced Continual Learning with Partitioning Reservoir Samplingcited by 72
  24. 2020IIRC: Incremental Implicitly-Refined Classificationcited by 20

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 8; 2024: 15; 2025: 4; 2026: 8.

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  1. 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Continual Learning: Theory, Method and Applicationcited by 872
  2. 2023Class-Incremental Learning: A Surveycited by 209
  3. 2024Gradient Reweighting: Towards Imbalanced Class-Incremental Learningcited by 37
  4. 2024A Systematic Review on Long-Tailed Learningcited by 28
  5. 2023Dynamic Residual Classifier for Class Incremental Learningcited by 26
  6. 2024Online Continual Learning For Interactive Instruction Following Agentscited by 22
  7. 2024Generative Multi-modal Models are Good Class-Incremental Learnerscited by 22
  8. 2023Long-Tailed Continual Learning For Visual Food Recognitioncited by 20
  9. 2023Neural Collapse Terminus: A Unified Solution for Class Incremental Learning and Its Variantscited by 14
  10. 2022Task-Adaptive Saliency Guidance for Exemplar-free Class Incremental Learningcited by 8
  11. 2024DELTA: Decoupling Long-Tailed Online Continual Learningcited by 8
  12. 2024PASS++: A Dual Bias Reduction Framework for Non-Exemplar Class-Incremental Learningcited by 8
24 more
  1. 2024AIR: Analytic Imbalance Rectifier for Continual Learningcited by 8
  2. 2024Adaptive Adapter Routing for Long-Tailed Class-Incremental Learningcited by 8
  3. 2023RAHNet: Retrieval Augmented Hybrid Network for Long-tailed Graph Classificationcited by 7
  4. 2024Dynamically Anchored Prompting for Task-Imbalanced Continual Learningcited by 6
  5. 2024Exploiting the Semantic Knowledge of Pre-trained Text-Encoders for Continual Learningcited by 6
  6. 2023Robust Feature Learning and Global Variance-Driven Classifier Alignment for Long-Tail Class Incremental Learningcited by 5
  7. 2024Online Analytic Exemplar-Free Continual Learning with Large Models for Imbalanced Autonomous Driving Taskcited by 4
  8. 2025KAC: Kolmogorov-Arnold Classifier for Continual Learningcited by 4
  9. 2024Self-Regulated Neurogenesis for Online Data-Incremental Learningcited by 3
  10. 2024Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning for Continual Learning: A Neural Tangent Kernel Perspectivecited by 3
  11. 2025Global Convergence of Continual Learning on Non-IID Datacited by 3
  12. 2023On The Relationship Between Continual Learning and Long-Tailed Recognitioncited by 1
  13. 2024TaE: Task-aware Expandable Representation for Long Tail Class Incremental Learningcited by 1
  14. 2024AggSS: An Aggregated Self-Supervised Approach for Class-Incremental Learningcited by 0
  15. 2025EndoCIL: A Class-Incremental Learning Framework for Endoscopic Image Classificationcited by 0
  16. 2025Pushing the Limits of Distillation-Based Continual Learning via Classifier-Proximal Lightweight Pluginscited by 0
  17. 2026Analytic Incremental Learning For Sound Source Localization With Imbalance Rectificationcited by 0
  18. 2026Compensating Visual Insufficiency with Stratified Language Guidance for Long-Tail Class Incremental Learningcited by 0
  19. 2026Dual-Imbalance Continual Learning for Real-World Food Recognitioncited by 0
  20. 2026Dynamic Distillation and Gradient Consistency for Robust Long-Tailed Incremental Learningcited by 0
  21. 2026Revisiting Prototype Rehearsal for Exemplar-Free Continual Learning: Manifold-Aware Boundary Sampling with Adaptive Class-Balanced Losscited by 0
  22. 2026Spectral-Aware Analytic Class-Incremental Learning for Long-Tailed Distributionscited by 0
  23. 2026NeuroGuard: Neural Gradient Update Aware of Representation Damagecited by 0
  24. 2026The evolution of sex for artificial intelligence: a population-genetic framework for multigenerational model populationscited by 0