mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

KL Convergence Guarantees for Score diffusion models under minimal data assumptions

arXiv 2308.12240 ↗First posted 23 Aug 2023math.ST stat.ML stat.THcited by 63

On the map: Diffusion models → Diffusion foundations and sampling

Abstract (arXiv)

Diffusion models are a new class of generative models that revolve around the estimation of the score function associated with a stochastic differential equation. Subsequent to its acquisition, the approximated score function is then harnessed to simulate the corresponding time-reversal process, ultimately enabling the generation of approximate data samples. Despite their evident practical significance these models carry, a notable challenge persists in the form of a lack of comprehensive quantitative results, especially in scenarios involving non-regular scores and estimators. In almost all reported bounds in Kullback Leibler (KL) divergence, it is assumed that either the score function or its approximation is Lipschitz uniformly in time. However, this condition is very restrictive in practice or appears to be difficult to establish. To circumvent this issue, previous works mainly focused on establishing convergence bounds in KL for an early stopped version of the diffusion model and a smoothed version of the data distribution, or assuming that the data distribution is supported on a compact manifold. These explorations have led to interesting bounds in either Wasserstein or Fortet-Mourier metrics. However, the question remains about the relevance of such early-stopping procedure or compactness conditions. In particular, if there exist a natural and mild condition ensuring explicit and sharp convergence bounds in KL. In this article, we tackle the aforementioned limitations by focusing on score diffusion models with fixed step size stemming from the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck semigroup and its kinetic counterpart. Our study provides a rigorous analysis, yielding simple, improved and sharp convergence bounds in KL applicable to any data distribution with finite Fisher information with respect to the standard Gaussian distribution.

Key facts. Cited by 63 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Diffusion foundations and sampling, one of 14 directions in Diffusion models. Builds on 25 of its 58 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Aug 2023.

Builds on

25 of 58 references.

Closest ancestors · 14

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2023Nearly d-Linear Convergence Bounds for Diffusion Models via Stochastic Localization7 Aug
  2. 2023Improved Convergence of Score-Based Diffusion Models via Prediction-Correction23 May
  3. 2023Diffusion Models are Minimax Optimal Distribution Estimators3 Mar
  4. 2022Improved Analysis of Score-based Generative Modeling: User-Friendly Bounds under Minimal Smoothness Assumptions3 Nov
  5. 2022Convergence of score-based generative modeling for general data distributions26 Sep
  6. 2022Sampling is as easy as learning the score: theory for diffusion models with minimal data assumptions22 Sep
  7. 2022Let us Build Bridges: Understanding and Extending Diffusion Generative Models31 Aug
  8. 2022Convergence of denoising diffusion models under the manifold hypothesis10 Aug
  9. 2022Convergence for score-based generative modeling with polynomial complexity13 Jun
  10. 2021Score-Based Generative Modeling with Critically-Damped Langevin Diffusion14 Dec
  11. 2021Diffusion Schr"odinger Bridge with Applications to Score-Based Generative Modeling1 Jun
  12. 2021Diffusion Models Beat GANs on Image Synthesis11 May
2 more
  1. 2020Score-Based Generative Modeling through Stochastic Differential Equations26 Nov
  2. 2020Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models19 Jun

Other references · 11

  1. 2015Deep Unsupervised Learning using Nonequilibrium Thermodynamicscited by 7,058
  2. 2019Generative Modeling by Estimating Gradients of the Data Distributioncited by 4,101
  3. 2016Generative Adversarial Imitation Learningcited by 1,597
  4. 2019Normalizing Flows for Probabilistic Modeling and Inferencecited by 1,323
  5. 2021Skillful Precipitation Nowcasting using Deep Generative Models of Radarcited by 311
  6. 2020Generative Modeling with Denoising Auto-Encoders and Langevin Samplingcited by 119
  7. 2021An Introduction to Deep Generative Modelingcited by 104
  8. 2019Theoretical guarantees for sampling and inference in generative models with latent diffusionscited by 97
  9. 2018Metropolis-Hastings Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 41
  10. 2019MadMiner: Machine learning-based inference for particle physicscited by 32
  11. 2016VIME: Variational Information Maximizing Explorationcited by 16

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 2; 2024: 10; 2025: 20; 2026: 31.

63 papers.

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  1. 2024Learning general Gaussian mixtures with efficient score matchingcited by 44
  2. 2024An analysis of the noise schedule for score-based generative modelscited by 27
  3. 2023On diffusion-based generative models and their error bounds: The log-concave case with full convergence estimatescited by 25
  4. 2025Optimal Inference Schedules for Masked Diffusion Modelscited by 25
  5. 2025Convergence of Deterministic and Stochastic Diffusion-Model Samplers: A Simple Analysis in Wasserstein Distancecited by 21
  6. 2024Broadening Target Distributions for Accelerated Diffusion Models via a Novel Analysis Approachcited by 19
  7. 2024Convergence Analysis of Flow Matching in Latent Space with Transformerscited by 16
  8. 2026High-accuracy sampling for diffusion models and log-concave distributionscited by 16
  9. 2025Wasserstein Convergence of Score-based Generative Models under Semiconvexity and Discontinuous Gradientscited by 15
  10. 2024On the Asymptotic Mean Square Error Optimality of Diffusion Modelscited by 10
  11. 2024Latent Schr"odinger Bridge Diffusion Model for Generative Learningcited by 10
  12. 2024Wasserstein Bounds for generative diffusion models with Gaussian tail targetscited by 10
38 more
  1. 2023Conditional Stochastic Interpolation for Generative Learningcited by 9
  2. 2025Assessing the Quality of Denoising Diffusion Models in Wasserstein Distance: Noisy Score and Optimal Boundscited by 9
  3. 2026Blind denoising diffusion models and the blessings of dimensionalitycited by 9
  4. 2024Theory on Score-Mismatched Diffusion Models and Zero-Shot Conditional Samplerscited by 7
  5. 2025Non-asymptotic error bounds for probability flow ODEs under weak log-concavitycited by 7
  6. 2025Sublinear iterations can suffice even for DDPMscited by 7
  7. 2024Global Well-posedness and Convergence Analysis of Score-based Generative Models via Sharp Lipschitz Estimatescited by 6
  8. 2025DiffEM: Learning from Corrupted Data with Diffusion Models via Expectation Maximizationcited by 6
  9. 2025Wasserstein Convergence of Critically Damped Langevin Diffusionscited by 6
  10. 2025Localized Diffusion Modelscited by 5
  11. 2025Algorithm- and Data-Dependent Generalization Bounds for Diffusion Modelscited by 5
  12. 2026Diffusion Model's Generalization Can Be Characterized by Inductive Biases toward a Data-Dependent Ridge Manifoldcited by 5
  13. 2025Optimal Denoising in Score-Based Generative Models: The Role of Data Regularitycited by 4
  14. 2025Pathway to O(√d) Complexity bound under Wasserstein metric of flow-based modelscited by 4
  15. 2025Exponential Convergence Guarantees for Iterative Markovian Fittingcited by 3
  16. 2025Dimension-free error estimate for diffusion model and optimal schedulingcited by 3
  17. 2026Do Heavy Tails Help Diffusion? On the Subtle Trade-off Between Initialization and Trainingcited by 3
  18. 2026Benign Overfitting Does Not Occur in Diffusion Modelscited by 3
  19. 2025A Malliavin-Gamma calculus approach to Score Based Diffusion Generative models for random fieldscited by 2
  20. 2025A Jump-Diffusion Framework for Irregular Time Series Generationcited by 2
  21. 2025A PDE Perspective on Generative Diffusion Modelscited by 2
  22. 2026Query Lower Bounds for Diffusion Samplingcited by 2
  23. 2026Understanding diffusion models requires rethinking (again) generalizationcited by 2
  24. 2026Intrinsic Wasserstein Rates for Score-Based Generative Models on Smooth Manifoldscited by 2
  25. 2026Wasserstein bounds for denoising diffusion probabilistic models via the F"ollmer processcited by 2
  26. 2024Structural and Convergence Analysis of Discrete-Time Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 1
  27. 2025The Effect of Stochasticity in Score-Based Diffusion Sampling: a KL Divergence Analysiscited by 1
  28. 2025Non-asymptotic convergence bound of conditional diffusion modelscited by 1
  29. 2026Load--Reserve Wasserstein Propagation for Isotropic Diffusion Samplerscited by 1
  30. 2026Leveraging Pretrained Language Models as Energy Functions for Glauber Dynamics Text Diffusioncited by 1
  31. 2026Noise Schedule Design for Diffusion Models: An Optimal Control Perspectivecited by 1
  32. 2026Score Approximation for Diffusion Models on Arbitrary Low-Dimensional Structurescited by 1
  33. 2026A Mathematical Introduction to Diffusion Modelscited by 1
  34. 2026Non-asymptotic Convergence of Stochastic Gradient Descent in Score-based Generative Modelscited by 1
  35. 2026Score Accuracy Along the Forward Diffusion Does Not Certify Numerical Stability in Diffusion Samplingcited by 1
  36. 2026Trajectory inference via Acceleration Matchingcited by 1
  37. 2025Self-Attention Diffusion Models for Zero-Shot Biomedical Image Segmentation: Unlocking New Frontiers in Medical Imagingcited by 0
  38. 2026Seasoning Generative Models for a Generalization Aftertastecited by 0

50 most cited of 63 All 63 (JSON)

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  1. 2024Convergence of Score-Based Discrete Diffusion Models: A Discrete-Time Analysis
  2. 2025A Sharp KL-Convergence Analysis for Diffusion Models under Minimal Assumptions
  3. 2026Diffusion Models Observe Only Gradients: A Geometric Perspective on Score Matching Errors
  4. 2026From Score Approximation to Distribution Approximation in Score-Based Diffusion Models
  5. 2026Quantifying Error Propagation and Model Collapse in Diffusion Models
  6. 2024Linear Convergence of Diffusion Models Under the Manifold Hypothesis
  7. 2022Convergence of the Inexact Langevin Algorithm in KL Divergence with Application to Score-based Generative Models
  8. 2024Instance-dependent Convergence Theory for Diffusion Models