mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Decoding ChatGPT: A Taxonomy of Existing Research, Current Challenges, and Possible Future Directions

arXiv 2307.14107 ↗First posted 26 Jul 2023cs.CL cs.CYcited by 18

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Abstract (arXiv)

Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT) has gained significant interest and attention since its launch in November 2022. It has shown impressive performance in various domains, including passing exams and creative writing. However, challenges and concerns related to biases and trust persist. In this work, we present a comprehensive review of over 100 Scopus-indexed publications on ChatGPT, aiming to provide a taxonomy of ChatGPT research and explore its applications. We critically analyze the existing literature, identifying common approaches employed in the studies. Additionally, we investigate diverse application areas where ChatGPT has found utility, such as healthcare, marketing and financial services, software engineering, academic and scientific writing, research and education, environmental science, and natural language processing. Through examining these applications, we gain valuable insights into the potential of ChatGPT in addressing real-world challenges. We also discuss crucial issues related to ChatGPT, including biases and trustworthiness, emphasizing the need for further research and development in these areas. Furthermore, we identify potential future directions for ChatGPT research, proposing solutions to current challenges and speculating on expected advancements. By fully leveraging the capabilities of ChatGPT, we can unlock its potential across various domains, leading to advancements in conversational AI and transformative impacts in society.

Key facts. Cited by 18 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 46 of its 231 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 26 Jul 2023.

Builds on

46 of 231 references.

References · 46

  1. 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,396
  2. 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,971
  3. 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 12,459
  4. 2021Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Codecited by 8,320
  5. 2017Deep reinforcement learning from human preferencescited by 3,912
  6. 2020Learning to summarize from human feedbackcited by 2,588
  7. 2020StereoSet: Measuring stereotypical bias in pretrained language modelscited by 924
  8. 2023DetectGPT: Zero-Shot Machine-Generated Text Detection using Probability Curvaturecited by 726
  9. 2023A Prompt Pattern Catalog to Enhance Prompt Engineering with ChatGPTcited by 619
  10. 2023Is ChatGPT a General-Purpose Natural Language Processing Task Solver?cited by 488
  11. 2023How Good Are GPT Models at Machine Translation? A Comprehensive Evaluationcited by 348
  12. 2023ChatGPT for Robotics: Design Principles and Model Abilitiescited by 299
34 more
  1. 2021Towards Understanding and Mitigating Social Biases in Language Modelscited by 296
  2. 2023A Comprehensive Survey of AI-Generated Content (AIGC): A History of Generative AI from GAN to ChatGPTcited by 224
  3. 2023ChatGPT Beyond English: Towards a Comprehensive Evaluation of Large Language Models in Multilingual Learningcited by 206
  4. 2022Fine-tuning language models to find agreement among humans with diverse preferencescited by 189
  5. 2023A Categorical Archive of ChatGPT Failurescited by 168
  6. 2020Automatic Detection of Machine Generated Text: A Critical Surveycited by 166
  7. 2023Is ChatGPT better than Human Annotators? Potential and Limitations of ChatGPT in Explaining Implicit Hate Speechcited by 166
  8. 2023Human-like Summarization Evaluation with ChatGPTcited by 126
  9. 2019Hello, It's GPT-2 -- How Can I Help You? Towards the Use of Pretrained Language Models for Task-Oriented Dialogue Systemscited by 110
  10. 2023An Analysis of the Automatic Bug Fixing Performance of ChatGPTcited by 110
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  12. 2023ChatGPT or Human? Detect and Explain. Explaining Decisions of Machine Learning Model for Detecting Short ChatGPT-generated Textcited by 85
  13. 2023ChatGPT Prompt Patterns for Improving Code Quality, Refactoring, Requirements Elicitation, and Software Designcited by 66
  14. 2022GPT Takes the Bar Examcited by 65
  15. 2022Real or Fake Text?: Investigating Human Ability to Detect Boundaries Between Human-Written and Machine-Generated Textcited by 63
  16. 2023Evaluating GPT-4 and ChatGPT on Japanese Medical Licensing Examinationscited by 63
  17. 2023Chat2VIS: Generating Data Visualisations via Natural Language using ChatGPT, Codex and GPT-3 Large Language Modelscited by 59
  18. 2023Evaluation of ChatGPT for NLP-based Mental Health Applicationscited by 53
  19. 2023ChatGPT and a New Academic Reality: Artificial Intelligence-Written Research Papers and the Ethics of the Large Language Models in Scholarly Publishingcited by 52
  20. 2023ChatGPT Empowered Long-Step Robot Control in Various Environments: A Case Applicationcited by 48
  21. 2023SMILE: Single-turn to Multi-turn Inclusive Language Expansion via ChatGPT for Mental Health Supportcited by 46
  22. 2023Will Affective Computing Emerge from Foundation Models and General AI? A First Evaluation on ChatGPTcited by 41
  23. 2019Language Models with Transformerscited by 36
  24. 2023Towards Human-Bot Collaborative Software Architecting with ChatGPTcited by 31
  25. 2021Responsible AI: Gender bias assessment in emotion recognitioncited by 22
  26. 2023How Generative AI models such as ChatGPT can be (Mis)Used in SPC Practice, Education, and Research? An Exploratory Studycited by 16
  27. 2022AI-driven Development Is Here: Should You Worry?cited by 15
  28. 2023Linguistic ambiguity analysis in ChatGPTcited by 14
  29. 2023ChatGPT in education: A discourse analysis of worries and concerns on social mediacited by 12
  30. 2023Robot-Enabled Construction Assembly with Automated Sequence Planning based on ChatGPT: RoboGPTcited by 11
  31. 2023Contextualized Medication Information Extraction Using Transformer-based Deep Learning Architecturescited by 8
  32. 2015Comparing the writing style of real and artificial paperscited by 5
  33. 2018Word sense induction using word embeddings and community detection in complex networkscited by 5
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Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 8; 2024: 9; 2025: 0; 2026: 1.

18 papers.

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  2. 2024AI Hallucinations: A Misnomer Worth Clarifyingcited by 34
  3. 2023Federated Learning for Computer Visioncited by 22
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  5. 2023Deep Learning for Steganalysis of Diverse Data Types: A review of methods, taxonomy, challenges and future directionscited by 16
  6. 2023Bias in Emotion Recognition with ChatGPTcited by 11
  7. 2023AutoHall: Automated Factuality Hallucination Dataset Generation for Large Language Modelscited by 10
  8. 2024What fifty-one years of Linguistics and Artificial Intelligence research tell us about their correlation: A scientometric analysiscited by 8
  9. 2024Leveraging Generative AI for Urban Digital Twins: A Scoping Review on the Autonomous Generation of Urban Data, Scenarios, Designs, and 3D City Models for Smart City Advancementcited by 7
  10. 2023The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Evolution of Digital Education: A Comparative Study of OpenAI Text Generation Tools including ChatGPT, Bing Chat, Bard, and Erniecited by 5
  11. 2024Negation Blindness in Large Language Models: Unveiling the NO Syndrome in Image Generationcited by 4
  12. 2023Current Topological and Machine Learning Applications for Bias Detection in Textcited by 3
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  3. 2024Machine Learning and Transformers for Thyroid Carcinoma Diagnosis: A Reviewcited by 2
  4. 2024Artificial intelligence contribution to translation industry: looking back and forwardcited by 2
  5. 2026Machine learning and emoji prediction: How much accuracy can MARBERT achieve?cited by 2
  6. 2023Edge AI for Internet of Energy: Challenges and Perspectivescited by 1