mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Will Affective Computing Emerge from Foundation Models and General AI? A First Evaluation on ChatGPT

arXiv 2303.03186 ↗First posted 3 Mar 2023cs.CL cs.AIcited by 41

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Abstract (arXiv)

ChatGPT has shown the potential of emerging general artificial intelligence capabilities, as it has demonstrated competent performance across many natural language processing tasks. In this work, we evaluate the capabilities of ChatGPT to perform text classification on three affective computing problems, namely, big-five personality prediction, sentiment analysis, and suicide tendency detection. We utilise three baselines, a robust language model (RoBERTa-base), a legacy word model with pretrained embeddings (Word2Vec), and a simple bag-of-words baseline (BoW). Results show that the RoBERTa trained for a specific downstream task generally has a superior performance. On the other hand, ChatGPT provides decent results, and is relatively comparable to the Word2Vec and BoW baselines. ChatGPT further shows robustness against noisy data, where Word2Vec models achieve worse results due to noise. Results indicate that ChatGPT is a good generalist model that is capable of achieving good results across various problems without any specialised training, however, it is not as good as a specialised model for a downstream task.

Key facts. Cited by 41 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 13 of its 31 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 3 Mar 2023.

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13 of 31 references.

References · 13

  1. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 37,240
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  3. 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,372
  4. 2013Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Spacecited by 4,375
  5. 2021On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Modelscited by 4,033
  6. 2013Distributed Representations of Words and Phrases and their Compositionalitycited by 3,474
  7. 2022Scaling Laws for Reward Model Overoptimizationcited by 1,095
  8. 2023Is ChatGPT a General-Purpose Natural Language Processing Task Solver?cited by 488
  9. 2023A Comprehensive Survey on Pretrained Foundation Models: A History from BERT to ChatGPTcited by 368
  10. 2023How Good Are GPT Models at Machine Translation? A Comprehensive Evaluationcited by 348
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1 more
  1. 2019Sentiment and Sarcasm Classification with Multitask Learningcited by 19

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Citing papers per year: 2023: 22; 2024: 14; 2025: 4; 2026: 1.

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  1. 2023A Survey of Large Language Modelscited by 2,576
  2. 2024Leak, Cheat, Repeat: Data Contamination and Evaluation Malpractices in Closed-Source LLMscited by 229
  3. 2023ChatGPT Beyond English: Towards a Comprehensive Evaluation of Large Language Models in Multilingual Learningcited by 206
  4. 2023Summary of ChatGPT-Related Research and Perspective Towards the Future of Large Language Modelscited by 154
  5. 2023CoAnnotating: Uncertainty-Guided Work Allocation between Human and Large Language Models for Data Annotationcited by 94
  6. 2023Mental-LLM: Leveraging Large Language Models for Mental Health Prediction via Online Text Datacited by 66
  7. 2023Emotional Intelligence of Large Language Modelscited by 58
  8. 2024The opportunities and risks of large language models in mental healthcited by 54
  9. 2023Towards Interpretable Mental Health Analysis with Large Language Modelscited by 53
  10. 2024Peer Review as A Multi-Turn and Long-Context Dialogue with Role-Based Interactionscited by 46
  11. 2024Large Language Models for Education: A Surveycited by 34
  12. 2023A Wide Evaluation of ChatGPT on Affective Computing Taskscited by 30
29 more
  1. 2023Large Language Models are Complex Table Parserscited by 28
  2. 2023Domain-specific Continued Pretraining of Language Models for Capturing Long Context in Mental Healthcited by 25
  3. 2023CAT: A Contextualized Conceptualization and Instantiation Framework for Commonsense Reasoningcited by 25
  4. 2023Fine-grained Affective Processing Capabilities Emerging from Large Language Modelscited by 24
  5. 2024Understanding the Therapeutic Relationship between Counselors and Clients in Online Text-based Counseling using LLMscited by 19
  6. 2023Decoding ChatGPT: A Taxonomy of Existing Research, Current Challenges, and Possible Future Directionscited by 18
  7. 2023PsyEval: A Suite of Mental Health Related Tasks for Evaluating Large Language Modelscited by 13
  8. 2023Bias in Emotion Recognition with ChatGPTcited by 11
  9. 2023From Classification to Clinical Insights: Towards Analyzing and Reasoning About Mobile and Behavioral Health Data With Large Language Modelscited by 11
  10. 2023Towards a Psychological Generalist AI: A Survey of Current Applications of Large Language Models and Future Prospectscited by 8
  11. 2024On Prompt Sensitivity of ChatGPT in Affective Computingcited by 7
  12. 2024A Comprehensive Evaluation of Large Language Models on Mental Illnessescited by 7
  13. 2023Can ChatGPT's Responses Boost Traditional Natural Language Processing?cited by 6
  14. 2023From Big to Small Without Losing It All: Text Augmentation with ChatGPT for Efficient Sentiment Analysiscited by 6
  15. 2024On the State of NLP Approaches to Modeling Depression in Social Media: A Post-COVID-19 Outlookcited by 6
  16. 2025Human Behavior Atlas: Benchmarking Unified Psychological and Social Behavior Understandingcited by 6
  17. 2023Utilizing ChatGPT Generated Data to Retrieve Depression Symptoms from Social Mediacited by 5
  18. 2024APT-Pipe: A Prompt-Tuning Tool for Social Data Annotation using ChatGPTcited by 5
  19. 2025Emotions in the Loop: A Survey of Affective Computing for Emotional Supportcited by 5
  20. 2023ConceptPsy:A Benchmark Suite with Conceptual Comprehensiveness in Psychologycited by 2
  21. 2024CoT-Driven Framework for Short Text Classification: Enhancing and Transferring Capabilities from Large to Smaller Modelcited by 2
  22. 2025Behind the Screens: Uncovering Bias in AI-Driven Video Interview Assessments Using Counterfactualscited by 2
  23. 2025Can Large Language Models Generate Effective Datasets for Emotion Recognition in Conversations?cited by 2
  24. 2023A Soft Contrastive Learning-based Prompt Model for Few-shot Sentiment Analysiscited by 1
  25. 2024A Dual-Prompting for Interpretable Mental Health Language Modelscited by 1
  26. 2024VCounselor: A Psychological Intervention Chat Agent Based on a Knowledge-Enhanced Large Language Modelcited by 1
  27. 2024A Multi-Agent Dual Dialogue System to Support Mental Health Care Providerscited by 1
  28. 2024PALLM: Evaluating and Enhancing PALLiative Care Conversations with Large Language Modelscited by 0
  29. 2026LiFT: How to Enable In-Context Learning for Longitudinal Modellingcited by 0