Becoming self-instruct: introducing early stopping criteria for minimal instruct tuning
On the map: Synthetic data and self-improvement for LLMs → Code and instruction data synthesis
Abstract (arXiv)
In this paper, we introduce the Instruction Following Score (IFS), a metric that detects language models' ability to follow instructions. The metric has a dual purpose. First, IFS can be used to distinguish between base and instruct models. We benchmark publicly available base and instruct models, and show that the ratio of well formatted responses to partial and full sentences can be an effective measure between those two model classes. Secondly, the metric can be used as an early stopping criteria for instruct tuning. We compute IFS for Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) of 7B and 13B LLaMA models, showing that models learn to follow instructions relatively early in the training process, and the further finetuning can result in changes in the underlying base model semantics. As an example of semantics change we show the objectivity of model predictions, as defined by an auxiliary metric ObjecQA. We show that in this particular case, semantic changes are the steepest when the IFS tends to plateau. We hope that decomposing instruct tuning into IFS and semantic factors starts a new trend in better controllable instruct tuning and opens possibilities for designing minimal instruct interfaces querying foundation models.
Key facts. Cited by 13 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Code and instruction data synthesis, one of 13 directions in Synthetic data and self-improvement for LLMs. Builds on 16 of its 31 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 5 Jul 2023.
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16 of 31 references.
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Other references · 15
- 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
- 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,712
- 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithmscited by 14,441
- 2023LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Modelscited by 13,958
- 2015Distilling the Knowledge in a Neural Networkcited by 10,076
- 2020Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understandingcited by 7,768
- 2022OPT: Open Pre-trained Transformer Language Modelscited by 3,464
- 2022Emergent Abilities of Large Language Modelscited by 2,483
- 2020The Pile: An 800GB Dataset of Diverse Text for Language Modelingcited by 2,346
- 2023LIMA: Less Is More for Alignmentcited by 1,080
- 2023The Flan Collection: Designing Data and Methods for Effective Instruction Tuningcited by 734
- 2022Fine-Tuning can Distort Pretrained Features and Underperform Out-of-Distributioncited by 722
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 7; 2024: 4; 2025: 2.
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- 2024Aya Model: An Instruction Finetuned Open-Access Multilingual Language Modelcited by 292
- 2024Aya Dataset: An Open-Access Collection for Multilingual Instruction Tuningcited by 174
- 2024OmniACT: A Dataset and Benchmark for Enabling Multimodal Generalist Autonomous Agents for Desktop and Webcited by 156
- 2023Self-Evolved Diverse Data Sampling for Efficient Instruction Tuningcited by 52
- 2023A Preliminary Study of the Intrinsic Relationship between Complexity and Alignmentcited by 33
- 2023Aligning Large Language Models with Human: A Surveycited by 31
- 2023Data Management For Training Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 17
- 2024SMART: Submodular Data Mixture Strategy for Instruction Tuningcited by 16
- 2023LIMIT: Less Is More for Instruction Tuning Across Evaluation Paradigmscited by 14
- 2025Alignment and Safety in Large Language Models: Safety Mechanisms, Training Paradigms, and Emerging Challengescited by 14
- 2023MindLLM: Pre-training Lightweight Large Language Model from Scratch, Evaluations and Domain Applicationscited by 11
- 2023PACIT: Unlocking the Power of Examples for Better In-Context Instruction Tuningcited by 2
- 2025Enhancing Instruction-Following Capabilities in Seq2Seq Models: DoLA Adaptations for T53 Dec 2025
- 2025Alignment and Safety in Large Language Models: Safety Mechanisms, Training Paradigms, and Emerging Challenges25 Jul 2025
- 2024SMART: Submodular Data Mixture Strategy for Instruction Tuning13 Mar 2024
- 2024OmniACT: A Dataset and Benchmark for Enabling Multimodal Generalist Autonomous Agents for Desktop and Web27 Feb 2024
- 2024Aya Model: An Instruction Finetuned Open-Access Multilingual Language Model12 Feb 2024
- 2024Aya Dataset: An Open-Access Collection for Multilingual Instruction Tuning9 Feb 2024
- 2023Data Management For Training Large Language Models: A Survey4 Dec 2023
- 2023LIMIT: Less Is More for Instruction Tuning Across Evaluation Paradigms22 Nov 2023
- 2023Self-Evolved Diverse Data Sampling for Efficient Instruction Tuning14 Nov 2023
- 2023MindLLM: Pre-training Lightweight Large Language Model from Scratch, Evaluations and Domain Applications24 Oct 2023
- 2023PACIT: Unlocking the Power of Examples for Better In-Context Instruction Tuning2 Oct 2023
- 2023A Preliminary Study of the Intrinsic Relationship between Complexity and Alignment10 Aug 2023
1 more
- 2023Aligning Large Language Models with Human: A Survey24 Jul 2023
- 2024Aya Model: An Instruction Finetuned Open-Access Multilingual Language Modelcited by 292
- 2024Aya Dataset: An Open-Access Collection for Multilingual Instruction Tuningcited by 174
- 2023Data Management For Training Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 17
- 2024SMART: Submodular Data Mixture Strategy for Instruction Tuningcited by 16
- 2023LIMIT: Less Is More for Instruction Tuning Across Evaluation Paradigmscited by 14
- 2023MindLLM: Pre-training Lightweight Large Language Model from Scratch, Evaluations and Domain Applicationscited by 11
- 2023PACIT: Unlocking the Power of Examples for Better In-Context Instruction Tuningcited by 2
- 2025Enhancing Instruction-Following Capabilities in Seq2Seq Models: DoLA Adaptations for T5cited by 0
- 2025Enhancing Instruction-Following Capabilities in Seq2Seq Models: DoLA Adaptations for T53 Dec 2025
- 2024SMART: Submodular Data Mixture Strategy for Instruction Tuning13 Mar 2024
- 2024Aya Model: An Instruction Finetuned Open-Access Multilingual Language Model12 Feb 2024
- 2024Aya Dataset: An Open-Access Collection for Multilingual Instruction Tuning9 Feb 2024
- 2023Data Management For Training Large Language Models: A Survey4 Dec 2023
- 2023LIMIT: Less Is More for Instruction Tuning Across Evaluation Paradigms22 Nov 2023
- 2023MindLLM: Pre-training Lightweight Large Language Model from Scratch, Evaluations and Domain Applications24 Oct 2023
- 2023PACIT: Unlocking the Power of Examples for Better In-Context Instruction Tuning2 Oct 2023
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2025IF-CRITIC: Towards a Fine-Grained LLM Critic for Instruction-Following Evaluation
- 2025Training with Pseudo-Code for Instruction Following
- 2024Non-instructional Fine-tuning: Enabling Instruction-Following Capabilities in Pre-trained Language Models without Instruction-Following Data
- 2025Shadow-FT: Tuning Instruct Model via Training on Paired Base Model
- 2023Tuna: Instruction Tuning using Feedback from Large Language Models
- 2025CYCLE-INSTRUCT: Fully Seed-Free Instruction Tuning via Dual Self-Training and Cycle Consistency
- 2026GIFT: Guided Fine-Tuning and Transfer for Enhancing Instruction-Tuned Language Models
- 2023FollowEval: A Multi-Dimensional Benchmark for Assessing the Instruction-Following Capability of Large Language Models