mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

DiffInfinite: Large Mask-Image Synthesis via Parallel Random Patch Diffusion in Histopathology

arXiv 2306.13384 ↗First posted 23 Jun 2023eess.IV cs.CV cs.LGcited by 28

On the map: Diffusion models → Medical imaging and segmentation

Abstract (arXiv)

We present DiffInfinite, a hierarchical diffusion model that generates arbitrarily large histological images while preserving long-range correlation structural information. Our approach first generates synthetic segmentation masks, subsequently used as conditions for the high-fidelity generative diffusion process. The proposed sampling method can be scaled up to any desired image size while only requiring small patches for fast training. Moreover, it can be parallelized more efficiently than previous large-content generation methods while avoiding tiling artifacts. The training leverages classifier-free guidance to augment a small, sparsely annotated dataset with unlabelled data. Our method alleviates unique challenges in histopathological imaging practice: large-scale information, costly manual annotation, and protective data handling. The biological plausibility of DiffInfinite data is evaluated in a survey by ten experienced pathologists as well as a downstream classification and segmentation task. Samples from the model score strongly on anti-copying metrics which is relevant for the protection of patient data.

Key facts. Cited by 28 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Medical imaging and segmentation, one of 14 directions in Diffusion models. Builds on 61 of its 82 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Jun 2023.

Builds on

61 of 82 references.

Closest ancestors · 4

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2023Aligning Synthetic Medical Images with Clinical Knowledge using Human Feedback16 Jun
  2. 2023NASDM: Nuclei-Aware Semantic Histopathology Image Generation Using Diffusion Models20 Mar
  3. 2022Adapting Pretrained Vision-Language Foundational Models to Medical Imaging Domains9 Oct
  4. 2022A Morphology Focused Diffusion Probabilistic Model for Synthesis of Histopathology Images27 Sep

Other references · 57

  1. 2020Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 20,851
  2. 2021High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 18,694
  3. 2020Denoising Diffusion Implicit Modelscited by 9,655
  4. 2020Score-Based Generative Modeling through Stochastic Differential Equationscited by 8,964
  5. 2021Diffusion Models Beat GANs on Image Synthesiscited by 8,185
  6. 2015Deep Unsupervised Learning using Nonequilibrium Thermodynamicscited by 7,005
  7. 2022Classifier-Free Diffusion Guidancecited by 5,717
  8. 2023Adding Conditional Control to Text-to-Image Diffusion Modelscited by 5,466
  9. 2022LAION-5B: An open large-scale dataset for training next generation image-text modelscited by 4,131
  10. 2021Improved Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 3,736
  11. 2021GLIDE: Towards Photorealistic Image Generation and Editing with Text-Guided Diffusion Modelscited by 3,595
  12. 2016Improved Techniques for Training GANscited by 2,938
38 more
  1. 2016Context Encoders: Feature Learning by Inpaintingcited by 1,424
  2. 2022RePaint: Inpainting using Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 1,419
  3. 2021Palette: Image-to-Image Diffusion Modelscited by 1,296
  4. 2021Cascaded Diffusion Models for High Fidelity Image Generationcited by 1,155
  5. 2017Deep Image Priorcited by 1,097
  6. 2020Improved Techniques for Training Score-Based Generative Modelscited by 1,036
  7. 2019Improved Precision and Recall Metric for Assessing Generative Modelscited by 925
  8. 2021Resolution-robust Large Mask Inpainting with Fourier Convolutionscited by 730
  9. 2023Extracting Training Data from Diffusion Modelscited by 723
  10. 2020The Future of Digital Health with Federated Learningcited by 625
  11. 2018Free-Form Image Inpainting with Gated Convolutioncited by 594
  12. 2018Generative Image Inpainting with Contextual Attentioncited by 578
  13. 2018Rotation Equivariant CNNs for Digital Pathologycited by 420
  14. 2022Diffusion Art or Digital Forgery? Investigating Data Replication in Diffusion Modelscited by 418
  15. 2022Scaling Vision Transformers to Gigapixel Images via Hierarchical Self-Supervised Learningcited by 357
  16. 2023The Curse of Recursion: Training on Generated Data Makes Models Forgetcited by 343
  17. 2018A Note on the Inception Scorecited by 225
  18. 2021Large Scale Image Completion via Co-Modulated Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 219
  19. 2022The Role of ImageNet Classes in Fr'echet Inception Distancecited by 211
  20. 2021How Faithful is your Synthetic Data? Sample-level Metrics for Evaluating and Auditing Generative Modelscited by 193
  21. 2023SegGPT: Segmenting Everything In Contextcited by 193
  22. 2022Measuring Forgetting of Memorized Training Examplescited by 118
  23. 2023DiffCollage: Parallel Generation of Large Content with Diffusion Modelscited by 100
  24. 2023On Provable Copyright Protection for Generative Modelscited by 97
  25. 2022RoentGen: Vision-Language Foundation Model for Chest X-ray Generationcited by 89
  26. 2021InfinityGAN: Towards Infinite-Pixel Image Synthesiscited by 61
  27. 2021In&Out : Diverse Image Outpainting via GAN Inversioncited by 55
  28. 2020A Non-Parametric Test to Detect Data-Copying in Generative Modelscited by 52
  29. 2020Guidance and Evaluation: Semantic-Aware Image Inpainting for Mixed Scenescited by 43
  30. 2022SinDiffusion: Learning a Diffusion Model from a Single Natural Imagecited by 42
  31. 2022Can segmentation models be trained with fully synthetically generated data?cited by 37
  32. 2021Selective Synthetic Augmentation with HistoGAN for Improved Histopathology Image Classificationcited by 35
  33. 2019PathologyGAN: Learning deep representations of cancer tissuecited by 32
  34. 2019Resolving challenges in deep learning-based analyses of histopathological images using explanation methodscited by 32
  35. 2018Painting Outside the Box: Image Outpainting with GANscited by 30
  36. 2020VCNet: A Robust Approach to Blind Image Inpaintingcited by 25
  37. 2020Red-GAN: Attacking class imbalance via conditioned generation. Yet another perspective on medical image synthesis for skin lesion dermoscopy and brain tumor MRIcited by 17
  38. 2019Introducing Hann windows for reducing edge-effects in patch-based image segmentationcited by 16

50 most cited of 57 All 57 (JSON)

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 3; 2024: 8; 2025: 12; 2026: 5.

28 papers.

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  1. 2023Learned representation-guided diffusion models for large-image generationcited by 39
  2. 2024TopoCellGen: Generating Histopathology Cell Topology with a Diffusion Modelcited by 16
  3. 2024ZoomLDM: Latent Diffusion Model for multi-scale image generationcited by 15
  4. 2024Is One GPU Enough? Pushing Image Generation at Higher-Resolutions with Foundation Modelscited by 14
  5. 2023Generative Fractional Diffusion Modelscited by 12
  6. 2024Analyzing Tumors by Synthesiscited by 11
  7. 2025PixCell: A generative foundation model for digital histopathology imagescited by 11
  8. 2024VM-DDPM: Vision Mamba Diffusion for Medical Image Synthesiscited by 8
  9. 2025PathDiff: Histopathology Image Synthesis with Unpaired Text and Mask Conditionscited by 8
  10. 2025MeDi: Metadata-Guided Diffusion Models for Mitigating Biases in Tumor Classificationcited by 6
  11. 2025Content Generation Models in Computational Pathology: A Comprehensive Survey on Methods, Applications, and Challengescited by 5
  12. 2025Multimodal LLM-Guided Semantic Correction in Text-to-Image Diffusioncited by 5
16 more
  1. 2023Latent Diffusion Models with Image-Derived Annotations for Enhanced AI-Assisted Cancer Diagnosis in Histopathologycited by 3
  2. 2025PathoPainter: Augmenting Histopathology Segmentation via Tumor-aware Inpaintingcited by 3
  3. 2025Semantic and Visual Crop-Guided Diffusion Models for Heterogeneous Tissue Synthesis in Histopathologycited by 3
  4. 2025Fractional Diffusion Bridge Modelscited by 3
  5. 2024Mask-guided cross-image attention for zero-shot in-silico histopathologic image generation with a diffusion modelcited by 2
  6. 2024Synthetic Generation of Dermatoscopic Images with GAN and Closed-Form Factorizationcited by 1
  7. 2025Physics-informed DeepCT: Sinogram Wavelet Decomposition Meets Masked Diffusioncited by 1
  8. 2025NDM: A Noise-driven Detection and Mitigation Framework against Implicit Sexual Intentions in Text-to-Image Generationcited by 1
  9. 2026Patch-to-Global: Random Patch Diffusion for Globally Consistent Megapixel Artifact Inpainting in Whole Slide Imagescited by 1
  10. 2024Evaluating Utility of Memory Efficient Medical Image Generation: A Study on Lung Nodule Segmentationcited by 0
  11. 2025StructDiff: Structure-aware Diffusion Model for 3D Fine-grained Medical Image Synthesiscited by 0
  12. 2025MSDM: Generating Task-Specific Pathology Images with a Multimodal Conditioned Diffusion Model for Cell and Nuclei Segmentationcited by 0
  13. 2026Disentangled Anatomy-Disease Diffusion (DADD) for Controllable Ulcerative Colitis Progression Synthesiscited by 0
  14. 2026PathAR: Structure-First Autoregressive Synthesis of Multimodal Pathology Imagescited by 0
  15. 2026UniNDM: A Unified Noise-driven Detection and Mitigation Framework Against Sexual Content in Text-to-Image Generationcited by 0
  16. 2026P-PatchDiff: Progressive Patch Diffusion Models for Low-light Image Enhancementcited by 0

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2026A Generative Foundation Model for Multimodal Histopathology
  2. 2026Controllable Histopathology Image Synthesis with Training-free Structural Initialization and Textural Modulation
  3. 2025Prototype-Guided Diffusion for Digital Pathology: Achieving Foundation Model Performance with Minimal Clinical Data
  4. 2025Graph Conditioned Diffusion for Controllable Histopathology Image Generation
  5. 2026Assessment of Conditional Diffusion Model for Synthetic Histopathology Image Generation
  6. 2024Style-Extracting Diffusion Models for Semi-Supervised Histopathology Segmentation
  7. 2025HistoSmith: Single-Stage Histology Image-Label Generation via Conditional Latent Diffusion for Enhanced Cell Segmentation and Classification
  8. 2026STREAM: Stochastic Riemannian Flow Matching with Anisotropic Decoder for Digital Histopathology Image Generation