mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

WebGLM: Towards An Efficient Web-Enhanced Question Answering System with Human Preferences

arXiv 2306.07906 ↗First posted 13 Jun 2023cs.CL cs.AIcited by 100

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Cited by 21 in Retrieval-augmented generation, but placed by its own abstract, which didn’t fit.

Abstract (arXiv)

We present WebGLM, a web-enhanced question-answering system based on the General Language Model (GLM). Its goal is to augment a pre-trained large language model (LLM) with web search and retrieval capabilities while being efficient for real-world deployments. To achieve this, we develop WebGLM with strategies for the LLM-augmented retriever, bootstrapped generator, and human preference-aware scorer. Specifically, we identify and address the limitations of WebGPT (OpenAI), through which WebGLM is enabled with accuracy, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness advantages. In addition, we propose systematic criteria for evaluating web-enhanced QA systems. We conduct multi-dimensional human evaluation and quantitative ablation studies, which suggest the outperformance of the proposed WebGLM designs over existing systems. WebGLM with the 10-billion-parameter GLM (10B) is shown to perform better than the similar-sized WebGPT (13B) and even comparably to WebGPT (175B) in human evaluation. The code, demo, and data are at urlhttps://github.com/THUDM/WebGLM.

Key facts. Cited by 100 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 33 of its 43 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 13 Jun 2023.

Builds on

33 of 43 references.

References · 33

  1. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
  2. 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,712
  3. 2020Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Taskscited by 9,160
  4. 2019BERTScore: Evaluating Text Generation with BERTcited by 5,462
  5. 2022PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathwayscited by 5,304
  6. 2016SQuAD: 100,000+ Questions for Machine Comprehension of Textcited by 4,115
  7. 2020Dense Passage Retrieval for Open-Domain Question Answeringcited by 3,779
  8. 2022OPT: Open Pre-trained Transformer Language Modelscited by 3,464
  9. 2020Learning to summarize from human feedbackcited by 2,562
  10. 2020REALM: Retrieval-Augmented Language Model Pre-Trainingcited by 2,126
  11. 2022Survey of Hallucination in Natural Language Generationcited by 2,056
  12. 2022BLOOM: A 176B-Parameter Open-Access Multilingual Language Modelcited by 1,968
21 more
  1. 2021WebGPT: Browser-assisted question-answering with human feedbackcited by 1,722
  2. 2016MS MARCO: A Human Generated MAchine Reading COmprehension Datasetcited by 1,591
  3. 2022Rethinking the Role of Demonstrations: What Makes In-Context Learning Work?cited by 1,413
  4. 2021Calibrate Before Use: Improving Few-Shot Performance of Language Modelscited by 1,371
  5. 2020Leveraging Passage Retrieval with Generative Models for Open Domain Question Answeringcited by 1,203
  6. 2021Unsupervised Dense Information Retrieval with Contrastive Learningcited by 1,203
  7. 2021What Makes Good In-Context Examples for GPT-3?cited by 1,184
  8. 2021GLM: General Language Model Pretraining with Autoregressive Blank Infillingcited by 1,026
  9. 2022Atlas: Few-shot Learning with Retrieval Augmented Language Modelscited by 940
  10. 2021An Explanation of In-context Learning as Implicit Bayesian Inferencecited by 915
  11. 2022GLM-130B: An Open Bilingual Pre-trained Modelcited by 837
  12. 2021GPT Understands, Toocited by 715
  13. 2020How Much Knowledge Can You Pack Into the Parameters of a Language Model?cited by 713
  14. 2020Self-supervised Learning: Generative or Contrastivecited by 693
  15. 2021Learning To Retrieve Prompts for In-Context Learningcited by 641
  16. 2019ELI5: Long Form Question Answeringcited by 567
  17. 2020Evaluation of Text Generation: A Surveycited by 275
  18. 2022Selective Annotation Makes Language Models Better Few-Shot Learnerscited by 242
  19. 2020A Survey of Evaluation Metrics Used for NLG Systemscited by 164
  20. 2021Noisy Channel Language Model Prompting for Few-Shot Text Classificationcited by 163
  21. 2022Instruction Induction: From Few Examples to Natural Language Task Descriptionscited by 152

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 15; 2024: 50; 2025: 19; 2026: 16.

100 papers.

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  1. 2023Qwen Technical Reportcited by 3,273
  2. 2024ChatGLM: A Family of Large Language Models from GLM-130B to GLM-4 All Toolscited by 1,096
  3. 2023Large Language Models for Information Retrieval: A Surveycited by 331
  4. 2023MINT: Evaluating LLMs in Multi-turn Interaction with Tools and Language Feedbackcited by 293
  5. 2025WebWalker: Benchmarking LLMs in Web Traversalcited by 171
  6. 2024Benchmark Data Contamination of Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 138
  7. 2024AutoWebGLM: A Large Language Model-based Web Navigating Agentcited by 130
  8. 2023CRAFT: Customizing LLMs by Creating and Retrieving from Specialized Toolsetscited by 122
  9. 2024AndroidLab: Training and Systematic Benchmarking of Android Autonomous Agentscited by 105
  10. 2023Knowledge-Driven CoT: Exploring Faithful Reasoning in LLMs for Knowledge-intensive Question Answeringcited by 97
  11. 2023MemoChat: Tuning LLMs to Use Memos for Consistent Long-Range Open-Domain Conversationcited by 94
  12. 2024From Matching to Generation: A Survey on Generative Information Retrievalcited by 89
38 more
  1. 2024If LLM Is the Wizard, Then Code Is the Wand: A Survey on How Code Empowers Large Language Models to Serve as Intelligent Agentscited by 77
  2. 2023Mitigating Large Language Model Hallucinations via Autonomous Knowledge Graph-based Retrofittingcited by 70
  3. 2024MindSearch: Mimicking Human Minds Elicits Deep AI Searchercited by 65
  4. 2023HAGRID: A Human-LLM Collaborative Dataset for Generative Information-Seeking with Attributioncited by 55
  5. 2023LLatrieval: LLM-Verified Retrieval for Verifiable Generationcited by 52
  6. 2023Making Large Language Models Perform Better in Knowledge Graph Completioncited by 48
  7. 2024Dataflow-Guided Retrieval Augmentation for Repository-Level Code Completioncited by 40
  8. 2024Retrieve, Summarize, Plan: Advancing Multi-hop Question Answering with an Iterative Approachcited by 40
  9. 2024VideoCoT: A Video Chain-of-Thought Dataset with Active Annotation Toolcited by 35
  10. 2024AI Hallucinations: A Misnomer Worth Clarifyingcited by 34
  11. 2024Small Models, Big Insights: Leveraging Slim Proxy Models To Decide When and What to Retrieve for LLMscited by 34
  12. 2025Topic-FlipRAG: Topic-Orientated Adversarial Opinion Manipulation Attacks to Retrieval-Augmented Generation Modelscited by 32
  13. 2023Failures Pave the Way: Enhancing Large Language Models through Tuning-free Rule Accumulationcited by 30
  14. 2024Grounding Language Model with Chunking-Free In-Context Retrievalcited by 30
  15. 2024SimRAG: Self-Improving Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Adapting Large Language Models to Specialized Domainscited by 28
  16. 2024Benchmarking Open-ended Audio Dialogue Understanding for Large Audio-Language Modelscited by 28
  17. 2024QDyLoRA: Quantized Dynamic Low-Rank Adaptation for Efficient Large Language Model Tuningcited by 26
  18. 2024Boosting Conversational Question Answering with Fine-Grained Retrieval-Augmentation and Self-Checkcited by 24
  19. 2024AppBench: Planning of Multiple APIs from Various APPs for Complex User Instructioncited by 24
  20. 2024Are Large Language Models Good at Utility Judgments?cited by 22
  21. 2024RAG-RewardBench: Benchmarking Reward Models in Retrieval Augmented Generation for Preference Alignmentcited by 22
  22. 2023Towards Verifiable Text Generation with Evolving Memory and Self-Reflectioncited by 21
  23. 2024Ground Every Sentence: Improving Retrieval-Augmented LLMs with Interleaved Reference-Claim Generationcited by 21
  24. 2025Interpreting and Steering LLMs with Mutual Information-based Explanations on Sparse Autoencoderscited by 21
  25. 2024INTERS: Unlocking the Power of Large Language Models in Search with Instruction Tuningcited by 19
  26. 2023Large Search Model: Redefining Search Stack in the Era of LLMscited by 18
  27. 2024CorpusLM: Towards a Unified Language Model on Corpus for Knowledge-Intensive Taskscited by 18
  28. 2024FoRAG: Factuality-optimized Retrieval Augmented Generation for Web-enhanced Long-form Question Answeringcited by 18
  29. 2023WeaverBird: Empowering Financial Decision-Making with Large Language Model, Knowledge Base, and Search Enginecited by 16
  30. 2024Re-Search for The Truth: Multi-round Retrieval-augmented Large Language Models are Strong Fake News Detectorscited by 16
  31. 2024Know the Unknown: An Uncertainty-Sensitive Method for LLM Instruction Tuningcited by 16
  32. 2025ComRoPE: Scalable and Robust Rotary Position Embedding Parameterized by Trainable Commuting Angle Matricescited by 16
  33. 2024Vision Search Assistant: Empower Vision-Language Models as Multimodal Search Enginescited by 14
  34. 2024EWEK-QA: Enhanced Web and Efficient Knowledge Graph Retrieval for Citation-based Question Answering Systemscited by 13
  35. 2024Question-guided Knowledge Graph Re-scoring and Injection for Knowledge Graph Question Answeringcited by 13
  36. 2024Retrieving, Rethinking and Revising: The Chain-of-Verification Can Improve Retrieval Augmented Generationcited by 12
  37. 2024Budget-Constrained Tool Learning with Planningcited by 11
  38. 2024Preference-Guided Refactored Tuning for Retrieval Augmented Code Generationcited by 10

50 most cited of 100 All 100 (JSON)

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  1. 2024Rethinking Generative Large Language Model Evaluation for Semantic Comprehension
  2. 2022Internet-augmented language models through few-shot prompting for open-domain question answering
  3. 2025An Open and Reproducible Deep Research Agent for Long-Form Question Answering
  4. 2023CarExpert: Leveraging Large Language Models for In-Car Conversational Question Answering
  5. 2026LFQA-HP-1M: A Large-Scale Human Preference Dataset for Long-Form Question Answering
  6. 2025BrowseComp-ZH: Benchmarking Web Browsing Ability of Large Language Models in Chinese
  7. 2023Getting MoRE out of Mixture of Language Model Reasoning Experts
  8. 2025Collab-RAG: Boosting Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Complex Question Answering via White-Box and Black-Box LLM Collaboration