mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

FinGPT: Open-Source Financial Large Language Models

arXiv 2306.06031 ↗First posted 9 Jun 2023q-fin.ST cs.CL cs.LGcited by 244

Not on the map. Why?

Cited by 32 in LLM agents and tool use, but placed by its own abstract, which didn’t fit.

Abstract (arXiv)

Large language models (LLMs) have shown the potential of revolutionizing natural language processing tasks in diverse domains, sparking great interest in finance. Accessing high-quality financial data is the first challenge for financial LLMs (FinLLMs). While proprietary models like BloombergGPT have taken advantage of their unique data accumulation, such privileged access calls for an open-source alternative to democratize Internet-scale financial data. In this paper, we present an open-source large language model, FinGPT, for the finance sector. Unlike proprietary models, FinGPT takes a data-centric approach, providing researchers and practitioners with accessible and transparent resources to develop their FinLLMs. We highlight the importance of an automatic data curation pipeline and the lightweight low-rank adaptation technique in building FinGPT. Furthermore, we showcase several potential applications as stepping stones for users, such as robo-advising, algorithmic trading, and low-code development. Through collaborative efforts within the open-source AI4Finance community, FinGPT aims to stimulate innovation, democratize FinLLMs, and unlock new opportunities in open finance. Two associated code repos are https://github.com/AI4Finance-Foundation/FinGPT and https://github.com/AI4Finance-Foundation/FinNLP

Key facts. Cited by 244 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 15 of its 30 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 9 Jun 2023.

Builds on

15 of 30 references.

References · 15

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
  2. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
  3. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
  4. 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,712
  5. 2021LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Modelscited by 14,084
  6. 2019BART: Denoising Sequence-to-Sequence Pre-training for Natural Language Generation, Translation, and Comprehensioncited by 5,874
  7. 2023QLoRA: Efficient Finetuning of Quantized LLMscited by 3,355
  8. 2022LaMDA: Language Models for Dialog Applicationscited by 1,218
  9. 2023BloombergGPT: A Large Language Model for Financecited by 923
  10. 2019How Contextual are Contextualized Word Representations? Comparing the Geometry of BERT, ELMo, and GPT-2 Embeddingscited by 770
  11. 2021FinQA: A Dataset of Numerical Reasoning over Financial Datacited by 552
  12. 2019FinBERT: Financial Sentiment Analysis with Pre-trained Language Modelscited by 378
3 more
  1. 2022WHEN FLUE MEETS FLANG: Benchmarks and Large Pre-trained Language Model for Financial Domaincited by 117
  2. 2021FinRL: Deep Reinforcement Learning Framework to Automate Trading in Quantitative Financecited by 57
  3. 2021PLATO-XL: Exploring the Large-scale Pre-training of Dialogue Generationcited by 37

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 46; 2024: 78; 2025: 52; 2026: 68.

244 papers.

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  1. 2023MathVista: Evaluating Mathematical Reasoning of Foundation Models in Visual Contextscited by 1,582
  2. 2023A Comprehensive Overview of Large Language Modelscited by 639
  3. 2023Large Language Models in Finance: A Surveycited by 223
  4. 2023MetaTool Benchmark for Large Language Models: Deciding Whether to Use Tools and Which to Usecited by 209
  5. 2023Recommender Systems in the Era of Large Language Models (LLMs)cited by 188
  6. 2023Fine-Tuning or Retrieval? Comparing Knowledge Injection in LLMscited by 175
  7. 2023FinMem: A Performance-Enhanced LLM Trading Agent with Layered Memory and Character Designcited by 163
  8. 2023A Survey of Large Language Models for Healthcare: from Data, Technology, and Applications to Accountability and Ethicscited by 162
  9. 2024LHRS-Bot: Empowering Remote Sensing with VGI-Enhanced Large Multimodal Language Modelcited by 133
  10. 2024FinCon: A Synthesized LLM Multi-Agent System with Conceptual Verbal Reinforcement for Enhanced Financial Decision Makingcited by 112
  11. 2023Large Models for Time Series and Spatio-Temporal Data: A Survey and Outlookcited by 109
  12. 2024Revolutionizing Finance with LLMs: An Overview of Applications and Insightscited by 88
38 more
  1. 2024A Survey of Large Language Models for Financial Applications: Progress, Prospects and Challengescited by 86
  2. 2023EduChat: A Large-Scale Language Model-based Chatbot System for Intelligent Educationcited by 80
  3. 2023InvestLM: A Large Language Model for Investment using Financial Domain Instruction Tuningcited by 80
  4. 2024A Survey of Large Language Models in Finance (FinLLMs)cited by 77
  5. 2023FinGPT: Instruction Tuning Benchmark for Open-Source Large Language Models in Financial Datasetscited by 68
  6. 2023Enhancing Financial Sentiment Analysis via Retrieval Augmented Large Language Modelscited by 67
  7. 2023FinGPT: Democratizing Internet-scale Data for Financial Large Language Modelscited by 65
  8. 2023LoRA ensembles for large language model fine-tuningcited by 65
  9. 2024Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) and Beyond: A Comprehensive Survey on How to Make your LLMs use External Data More Wiselycited by 65
  10. 2023Think-in-Memory: Recalling and Post-thinking Enable LLMs with Long-Term Memorycited by 64
  11. 2024Merging LoRAs like Playing LEGO: Pushing the Modularity of LoRA to Extremes Through Rank-Wise Clusteringcited by 58
  12. 2023Data-Juicer: A One-Stop Data Processing System for Large Language Modelscited by 52
  13. 2023EcomGPT: Instruction-tuning Large Language Models with Chain-of-Task Tasks for E-commercecited by 48
  14. 2023Adapting Large Language Models to Domains via Reading Comprehensioncited by 48
  15. 2024SciFIBench: Benchmarking Large Multimodal Models for Scientific Figure Interpretationcited by 47
  16. 2025Injecting Domain-Specific Knowledge into Large Language Models: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 47
  17. 2024Financial Report Chunking for Effective Retrieval Augmented Generationcited by 46
  18. 2023OWL: A Large Language Model for IT Operationscited by 43
  19. 2023Deficiency of Large Language Models in Finance: An Empirical Examination of Hallucinationcited by 41
  20. 2023Differentially Private Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Model Using Federated Learningcited by 41
  21. 2023FinanceMath: Knowledge-Intensive Math Reasoning in Finance Domainscited by 39
  22. 2024FinRobot: An Open-Source AI Agent Platform for Financial Applications using Large Language Modelscited by 39
  23. 2024TelecomGPT: A Framework to Build Telecom-Specfic Large Language Modelscited by 38
  24. 2024LawGPT: A Chinese Legal Knowledge-Enhanced Large Language Modelcited by 34
  25. 2025Fino1: On the Transferability of Reasoning-Enhanced LLMs and Reinforcement Learning to Financecited by 32
  26. 2025CodeJudgeBench: Benchmarking LLM-as-a-Judge for Coding Taskscited by 32
  27. 2024Computational Limits of Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) Fine-Tuning for Transformer Modelscited by 31
  28. 2024SciLitLLM: How to Adapt LLMs for Scientific Literature Understandingcited by 29
  29. 2023Integration of Large Language Models and Federated Learningcited by 28
  30. 2024KnowHalu: Hallucination Detection via Multi-Form Knowledge Based Factual Checkingcited by 26
  31. 2023ChatHome: Development and Evaluation of a Domain-Specific Language Model for Home Renovationcited by 25
  32. 2023Grounding Foundation Models through Federated Transfer Learning: A General Frameworkcited by 24
  33. 2023MarineGPT: Unlocking Secrets of Ocean to the Publiccited by 23
  34. 2024FinLlama: Financial Sentiment Classification for Algorithmic Trading Applicationscited by 22
  35. 2024Polymath: A Challenging Multi-modal Mathematical Reasoning Benchmarkcited by 22
  36. 2023Graph Meets LLMs: Towards Large Graph Modelscited by 19
  37. 2024An overview of domain-specific foundation model: key technologies, applications and challengescited by 19
  38. 2024FAMMA: A Benchmark for Financial Domain Multilingual Multimodal Question Answeringcited by 19

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