Dialectical language model evaluation: An initial appraisal of the commonsense spatial reasoning abilities of LLMs
On the map: LLM reasoning → Spatial and embodied reasoning
Abstract (arXiv)
Language models have become very popular recently and many claims have been made about their abilities, including for commonsense reasoning. Given the increasingly better results of current language models on previous static benchmarks for commonsense reasoning, we explore an alternative dialectical evaluation. The goal of this kind of evaluation is not to obtain an aggregate performance value but to find failures and map the boundaries of the system. Dialoguing with the system gives the opportunity to check for consistency and get more reassurance of these boundaries beyond anecdotal evidence. In this paper we conduct some qualitative investigations of this kind of evaluation for the particular case of spatial reasoning (which is a fundamental aspect of commonsense reasoning). We conclude with some suggestions for future work both to improve the capabilities of language models and to systematise this kind of dialectical evaluation.
Key facts. Cited by 20 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Spatial and embodied reasoning, one of 17 directions in LLM reasoning. Builds on 9 of its 25 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Apr 2023.
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9 of 25 references.
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Same direction, newest first
- 2022Visual Spatial Reasoning30 Apr
Other references · 8
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- 2023Large Language Models Fail on Trivial Alterations to Theory-of-Mind Taskscited by 292
- 2023Benchmarks for Automated Commonsense Reasoning: A Surveycited by 40
- 2022The Defeat of the Winograd Schema Challengecited by 25
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 5; 2024: 6; 2025: 6; 2026: 3.
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- 2023The Earth is Flat because...: Investigating LLMs' Belief towards Misinformation via Persuasive Conversationcited by 109
- 2023Can ChatGPT Defend its Belief in Truth? Evaluating LLM Reasoning via Debatecited by 94
- 2024Advancing Spatial Reasoning in Large Language Models: An In-Depth Evaluation and Enhancement Using the StepGame Benchmarkcited by 27
- 2023The Neuro-Symbolic Inverse Planning Engine (NIPE): Modeling Probabilistic Social Inferences from Linguistic Inputscited by 23
- 2025Defining and Evaluating Visual Language Models' Basic Spatial Abilities: A Perspective from Psychometricscited by 23
- 2025Foundation Models for Geospatial Reasoning: Assessing Capabilities of Large Language Models in Understanding Geometries and Topological Spatial Relationscited by 23
- 2024Reframing Spatial Reasoning Evaluation in Language Models: A Real-World Simulation Benchmark for Qualitative Reasoningcited by 17
- 2024Reasoning Elicitation in Language Models via Counterfactual Feedbackcited by 14
- 2023Language Models as a Service: Overview of a New Paradigm and its Challengescited by 10
- 2023An Evaluation of ChatGPT-4's Qualitative Spatial Reasoning Capabilities in RCC-8cited by 9
- 2024NewTerm: Benchmarking Real-Time New Terms for Large Language Models with Annual Updatescited by 8
- 2025MazeEval: A Benchmark for Testing Sequential Decision-Making in Language Modelscited by 8
8 more
- 2024Temporal Blind Spots in Large Language Modelscited by 7
- 2024Can Large Language Models Reason about the Region Connection Calculus?cited by 5
- 2025Geospatial Mechanistic Interpretability of Large Language Modelscited by 2
- 2025From Reasoning to Generalization: Knowledge-Augmented LLMs for ARC Benchmarkcited by 2
- 2026QSTRBench: a New Benchmark to Evaluate the Ability of Language Models to Reason with Qualitative Spatial and Temporal Calculicited by 1
- 2026Spatial Reasoning via Modality Switching Between Language and Symbolic Representationscited by 1
- 2025A Community-driven vision for a new Knowledge Resource for AIcited by 0
- 2026Learning to Draw ASCII Improves Spatial Reasoning in Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026Spatial Reasoning via Modality Switching Between Language and Symbolic Representations30 Jun 2026
- 2026QSTRBench: a New Benchmark to Evaluate the Ability of Language Models to Reason with Qualitative Spatial and Temporal Calculi18 May 2026
- 2026Learning to Draw ASCII Improves Spatial Reasoning in Language Models16 Apr 2026
- 2025MazeEval: A Benchmark for Testing Sequential Decision-Making in Language Models27 Jul 2025
- 2025A Community-driven vision for a new Knowledge Resource for AI19 Jun 2025
- 2025From Reasoning to Generalization: Knowledge-Augmented LLMs for ARC Benchmark23 May 2025
- 2025Foundation Models for Geospatial Reasoning: Assessing Capabilities of Large Language Models in Understanding Geometries and Topological Spatial Relations22 May 2025
- 2025Geospatial Mechanistic Interpretability of Large Language Models6 May 2025
- 2025Defining and Evaluating Visual Language Models' Basic Spatial Abilities: A Perspective from Psychometrics17 Feb 2025
- 2024Can Large Language Models Reason about the Region Connection Calculus?29 Nov 2024
- 2024NewTerm: Benchmarking Real-Time New Terms for Large Language Models with Annual Updates28 Oct 2024
- 2024Reasoning Elicitation in Language Models via Counterfactual Feedback2 Oct 2024
8 more
- 2024Reframing Spatial Reasoning Evaluation in Language Models: A Real-World Simulation Benchmark for Qualitative Reasoning23 May 2024
- 2024Temporal Blind Spots in Large Language Models22 Jan 2024
- 2024Advancing Spatial Reasoning in Large Language Models: An In-Depth Evaluation and Enhancement Using the StepGame Benchmark8 Jan 2024
- 2023The Earth is Flat because...: Investigating LLMs' Belief towards Misinformation via Persuasive Conversation14 Dec 2023
- 2023Language Models as a Service: Overview of a New Paradigm and its Challenges28 Sep 2023
- 2023An Evaluation of ChatGPT-4's Qualitative Spatial Reasoning Capabilities in RCC-827 Sep 2023
- 2023The Neuro-Symbolic Inverse Planning Engine (NIPE): Modeling Probabilistic Social Inferences from Linguistic Inputs25 Jun 2023
- 2023Can ChatGPT Defend its Belief in Truth? Evaluating LLM Reasoning via Debate22 May 2023
- 2023Can ChatGPT Defend its Belief in Truth? Evaluating LLM Reasoning via Debatecited by 94
- 2024Advancing Spatial Reasoning in Large Language Models: An In-Depth Evaluation and Enhancement Using the StepGame Benchmarkcited by 27
- 2025Foundation Models for Geospatial Reasoning: Assessing Capabilities of Large Language Models in Understanding Geometries and Topological Spatial Relationscited by 23
- 2024Reframing Spatial Reasoning Evaluation in Language Models: A Real-World Simulation Benchmark for Qualitative Reasoningcited by 17
- 2024Reasoning Elicitation in Language Models via Counterfactual Feedbackcited by 14
- 2023An Evaluation of ChatGPT-4's Qualitative Spatial Reasoning Capabilities in RCC-8cited by 9
- 2025MazeEval: A Benchmark for Testing Sequential Decision-Making in Language Modelscited by 8
- 2024Can Large Language Models Reason about the Region Connection Calculus?cited by 5
- 2025From Reasoning to Generalization: Knowledge-Augmented LLMs for ARC Benchmarkcited by 2
- 2026QSTRBench: a New Benchmark to Evaluate the Ability of Language Models to Reason with Qualitative Spatial and Temporal Calculicited by 1
- 2026Spatial Reasoning via Modality Switching Between Language and Symbolic Representationscited by 1
- 2026Learning to Draw ASCII Improves Spatial Reasoning in Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026Spatial Reasoning via Modality Switching Between Language and Symbolic Representations30 Jun 2026
- 2026QSTRBench: a New Benchmark to Evaluate the Ability of Language Models to Reason with Qualitative Spatial and Temporal Calculi18 May 2026
- 2026Learning to Draw ASCII Improves Spatial Reasoning in Language Models16 Apr 2026
- 2025MazeEval: A Benchmark for Testing Sequential Decision-Making in Language Models27 Jul 2025
- 2025From Reasoning to Generalization: Knowledge-Augmented LLMs for ARC Benchmark23 May 2025
- 2025Foundation Models for Geospatial Reasoning: Assessing Capabilities of Large Language Models in Understanding Geometries and Topological Spatial Relations22 May 2025
- 2024Can Large Language Models Reason about the Region Connection Calculus?29 Nov 2024
- 2024Reasoning Elicitation in Language Models via Counterfactual Feedback2 Oct 2024
- 2024Reframing Spatial Reasoning Evaluation in Language Models: A Real-World Simulation Benchmark for Qualitative Reasoning23 May 2024
- 2024Advancing Spatial Reasoning in Large Language Models: An In-Depth Evaluation and Enhancement Using the StepGame Benchmark8 Jan 2024
- 2023An Evaluation of ChatGPT-4's Qualitative Spatial Reasoning Capabilities in RCC-827 Sep 2023
- 2023Can ChatGPT Defend its Belief in Truth? Evaluating LLM Reasoning via Debate22 May 2023
- 2023The Earth is Flat because...: Investigating LLMs' Belief towards Misinformation via Persuasive Conversationcited by 109
- 2023The Neuro-Symbolic Inverse Planning Engine (NIPE): Modeling Probabilistic Social Inferences from Linguistic Inputscited by 23
- 2023Language Models as a Service: Overview of a New Paradigm and its Challengescited by 10
- 2024NewTerm: Benchmarking Real-Time New Terms for Large Language Models with Annual Updatescited by 8
- 2024Temporal Blind Spots in Large Language Modelscited by 7
- 2025A Community-driven vision for a new Knowledge Resource for AIcited by 0
- 2025A Community-driven vision for a new Knowledge Resource for AI19 Jun 2025
- 2024NewTerm: Benchmarking Real-Time New Terms for Large Language Models with Annual Updates28 Oct 2024
- 2024Temporal Blind Spots in Large Language Models22 Jan 2024
- 2023The Earth is Flat because...: Investigating LLMs' Belief towards Misinformation via Persuasive Conversation14 Dec 2023
- 2023Language Models as a Service: Overview of a New Paradigm and its Challenges28 Sep 2023
- 2023The Neuro-Symbolic Inverse Planning Engine (NIPE): Modeling Probabilistic Social Inferences from Linguistic Inputs25 Jun 2023
Similar, not cited
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- 2025Stuck in the Matrix: Probing Spatial Reasoning in Large Language Models
- 2024Can Large Language Models Create New Knowledge for Spatial Reasoning Tasks?
- 2025DecompSR: A dataset for decomposed analyses of compositional multihop spatial reasoning
- 2026Do LLMs Build World Models From Text? A Multilingual Diagnostic of Spatial Reasoning
- 202511Plus-Bench: Demystifying Multimodal LLM Spatial Reasoning with Cognitive-Inspired Analysis
- 2024SpaRC and SpaRP: Spatial Reasoning Characterization and Path Generation for Understanding Spatial Reasoning Capability of Large Language Models