mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

AnimeDiffusion: Anime Face Line Drawing Colorization via Diffusion Models

arXiv 2303.11137 ↗First posted 20 Mar 2023cs.CVcited by 9

On the map: Diffusion models → Image generation, text-to-image and editing

Abstract (arXiv)

It is a time-consuming and tedious work for manually colorizing anime line drawing images, which is an essential stage in cartoon animation creation pipeline. Reference-based line drawing colorization is a challenging task that relies on the precise cross-domain long-range dependency modelling between the line drawing and reference image. Existing learning methods still utilize generative adversarial networks (GANs) as one key module of their model architecture. In this paper, we propose a novel method called AnimeDiffusion using diffusion models that performs anime face line drawing colorization automatically. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first diffusion model tailored for anime content creation. In order to solve the huge training consumption problem of diffusion models, we design a hybrid training strategy, first pre-training a diffusion model with classifier-free guidance and then fine-tuning it with image reconstruction guidance. We find that with a few iterations of fine-tuning, the model shows wonderful colorization performance, as illustrated in Fig. 1. For training AnimeDiffusion, we conduct an anime face line drawing colorization benchmark dataset, which contains 31696 training data and 579 testing data. We hope this dataset can fill the gap of no available high resolution anime face dataset for colorization method evaluation. Through multiple quantitative metrics evaluated on our dataset and a user study, we demonstrate AnimeDiffusion outperforms state-of-the-art GANs-based models for anime face line drawing colorization. We also collaborate with professional artists to test and apply our AnimeDiffusion for their creation work. We release our code on https://github.com/xq-meng/AnimeDiffusion.

Key facts. Cited by 9 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Image generation, text-to-image and editing, one of 14 directions in Diffusion models. Builds on 28 of its 52 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 20 Mar 2023.

Builds on

28 of 52 references.

Closest ancestors · 3

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2023Adding Conditional Control to Text-to-Image Diffusion Models10 Feb
  2. 2021Palette: Image-to-Image Diffusion Models10 Nov
  3. 2021DiffusionCLIP: Text-Guided Diffusion Models for Robust Image Manipulation6 Oct

Other references · 25

  1. 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,456
  2. 2020Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 20,851
  3. 2021High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 18,694
  4. 2020Denoising Diffusion Implicit Modelscited by 9,655
  5. 2021Diffusion Models Beat GANs on Image Synthesiscited by 8,185
  6. 2015Deep Unsupervised Learning using Nonequilibrium Thermodynamicscited by 7,005
  7. 2016Perceptual Losses for Real-Time Style Transfer and Super-Resolutioncited by 2,678
  8. 2017Improved Training of Wasserstein GANscited by 2,223
  9. 2017Arbitrary Style Transfer in Real-time with Adaptive Instance Normalizationcited by 1,998
  10. 2021SDEdit: Guided Image Synthesis and Editing with Stochastic Differential Equationscited by 1,903
  11. 2018Spectral Normalization for Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 1,618
  12. 2021Cascaded Diffusion Models for High Fidelity Image Generationcited by 1,155
13 more
  1. 2016Least Squares Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 1,000
  2. 2018Multimodal Unsupervised Image-to-Image Translationcited by 795
  3. 2020Cross-domain Correspondence Learning for Exemplar-based Image Translationcited by 116
  4. 2019Deep Exemplar-based Video Colorizationcited by 75
  5. 2020Reference-Based Sketch Image Colorization using Augmented-Self Reference and Dense Semantic Correspondencecited by 53
  6. 2019Tag2Pix: Line Art Colorization Using Text Tag With SECat and Changing Losscited by 35
  7. 2018User-Guided Deep Anime Line Art Colorization with Conditional Adversarial Networkscited by 32
  8. 2017Style Transfer for Anime Sketches with Enhanced Residual U-net and Auxiliary Classifier GANcited by 28
  9. 2022Eliminating Gradient Conflict in Reference-based Line-Art Colorizationcited by 25
  10. 2017Comicolorization: Semi-Automatic Manga Colorizationcited by 18
  11. 2021Learning Contrastive Representation for Semantic Correspondencecited by 11
  12. 2019Adversarial Colorization Of Icons Based On Structure And Color Conditionscited by 9
  13. 2022Attention-Aware Anime Line Drawing Colorizationcited by 5

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 5; 2025: 3; 2026: 1.

9 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2025AnimeColor: Reference-based Animation Colorization with Diffusion Transformers
  2. 2025Interactive Drawing Guidance for Anime Illustrations with Diffusion Model
  3. 2025MangaDiT: Reference-Guided Line Art Colorization with Hierarchical Attention in Diffusion Transformers
  4. 2017Towards the Automatic Anime Characters Creation with Generative Adversarial Networks
  5. 2024Diffutoon: High-Resolution Editable Toon Shading via Diffusion Models
  6. 2024ColorizeDiffusion: Adjustable Sketch Colorization with Reference Image and Text
  7. 2025Image Referenced Sketch Colorization Based on Animation Creation Workflow
  8. 2026AnimeAdapter: A Modular Adapter for Appearance-Consistent Anime Character Generation