mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Natural Language Processing in the Legal Domain

arXiv 2302.12039 ↗First posted 23 Feb 2023cs.CL cs.AIcited by 38

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

We summarize the current state of the field of NLP & Law with a specific focus on recent technical and substantive developments. To support our analysis, we construct and analyze a nearly complete corpus of nearly one thousand NLP & Law related papers published between 2013-2024. Our analysis highlights several major trends. Namely, we document an increasing number of papers written, tasks undertaken, and languages covered over the course of the past decade. We observe an increase in the sophistication of the methods which researchers deployed in this applied context. Legal NLP is beginning to match not only the methodological sophistication of general NLP but also the professional standards of data availability and code reproducibility observed within the broader scientific community. We believe all of these trends bode well for the future of the field and point to an exciting next phase for the Legal NLP community.

Key facts. Cited by 38 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 33 of its 95 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Feb 2023.

Builds on

33 of 95 references.

References · 33

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
  2. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
  3. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
  4. 2013Distributed Representations of Words and Phrases and their Compositionalitycited by 3,462
  5. 2018Deep contextualized word representationscited by 2,285
  6. 2022BLOOM: A 176B-Parameter Open-Access Multilingual Language Modelcited by 1,968
  7. 2020Big Bird: Transformers for Longer Sequencescited by 1,673
  8. 2019SciBERT: A Pretrained Language Model for Scientific Textcited by 1,404
  9. 2022LaMDA: Language Models for Dialog Applicationscited by 1,218
  10. 2022Large Language Models Are Human-Level Prompt Engineerscited by 1,020
  11. 2020Efficient Transformers: A Surveycited by 784
  12. 2022Galactica: A Large Language Model for Sciencecited by 736
21 more
  1. 2022Large Language Models Can Self-Improvecited by 656
  2. 2021LexGLUE: A Benchmark Dataset for Legal Language Understanding in Englishcited by 302
  3. 2021A Survey of Human-in-the-loop for Machine Learningcited by 214
  4. 2021When Does Pretraining Help? Assessing Self-Supervised Learning for Law and the CaseHOLD Datasetcited by 199
  5. 2022PromptChainer: Chaining Large Language Model Prompts through Visual Programmingcited by 134
  6. 2020How Does NLP Benefit Legal System: A Summary of Legal Artificial Intelligencecited by 128
  7. 2021MultiEURLEX -- A multi-lingual and multi-label legal document classification dataset for zero-shot cross-lingual transfercited by 89
  8. 2022GPT Takes the Bar Examcited by 65
  9. 2014Growth rates of modern science: A bibliometric analysis based on the number of publications and cited referencescited by 63
  10. 2018LexNLP: Natural language processing and information extraction for legal and regulatory textscited by 27
  11. 2022The Diminishing Returns of Masked Language Models to Sciencecited by 22
  12. 2023GPT as Knowledge Worker: A Zero-Shot Evaluation of (AI)CPA Capabilitiescited by 22
  13. 2021Measuring Law Over Time: A Network Analytical Framework with an Application to Statutes and Regulations in the United States and Germanycited by 17
  14. 2023Large Language Models as Corporate Lobbyistscited by 13
  15. 2020Complex Societies and the Growth of the Lawcited by 12
  16. 2019What Do Citation Counts Measure? An Updated Review of Studies on Citations in Scientific Documents Published between 2006 and 2018cited by 9
  17. 2014Power laws in citation distributions: Evidence from Scopuscited by 5
  18. 2022Human-in-the-loop Machine Learning: A Macro-Micro Perspectivecited by 4
  19. 2019Query Generation for Patent Retrieval with Keyword Extraction based on Syntactic Featurescited by 2
  20. 2020Detecting Anomalous Invoice Line Items in the Legal Case Lifecyclecited by 2
  21. 2022Sharing and Caring: Creating a Culture of Constructive Criticism in Computational Legal Studiescited by 1

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 7; 2024: 13; 2025: 14; 2026: 4.

38 papers.

Sort:

By area:

  1. 2023Precedent-Enhanced Legal Judgment Prediction with LLM and Domain-Model Collaborationcited by 52
  2. 2024A Systematic Survey of Text Summarization: From Statistical Methods to Large Language Modelscited by 52
  3. 2023A Short Survey of Viewing Large Language Models in Legal Aspectcited by 51
  4. 2024AgentsCourt: Building Judicial Decision-Making Agents with Court Debate Simulation and Legal Knowledge Augmentationcited by 39
  5. 2024Natural Language Processing in the Patent Domain: A Surveycited by 20
  6. 2024From Single to Multi: How LLMs Hallucinate in Multi-Document Summarizationcited by 17
  7. 2025Let's (not) just put things in Context: Test-Time Training for Long-Context LLMscited by 17
  8. 2024Can Large Language Models Grasp Legal Theories? Enhance Legal Reasoning with Insights from Multi-Agent Collaborationcited by 14
  9. 2023Can ChatGPT Perform Reasoning Using the IRAC Method in Analyzing Legal Scenarios Like a Lawyer?cited by 12
  10. 2025SwiLTra-Bench: The Swiss Legal Translation Benchmarkcited by 10
  11. 2025Is My Text in Your AI Model? Gradient-based Membership Inference Test applied to LLMscited by 9
  12. 2023Anonymity at Risk? Assessing Re-Identification Capabilities of Large Language Modelscited by 7
26 more
  1. 2024LexSumm and LexT5: Benchmarking and Modeling Legal Summarization Tasks in Englishcited by 7
  2. 2024LexDrafter: Terminology Drafting for Legislative Documents using Retrieval Augmented Generationcited by 6
  3. 2024Exploring the Nexus of Large Language Models and Legal Systems: A Short Surveycited by 6
  4. 2024It Cannot Be Right If It Was Written by AI: On Lawyers' Preferences of Documents Perceived as Authored by an LLM vs a Humancited by 5
  5. 2024CaseSumm: A Large-Scale Dataset for Long-Context Summarization from U.S. Supreme Court Opinionscited by 5
  6. 2025LegalRAG: A Hybrid RAG System for Multilingual Legal Information Retrievalcited by 5
  7. 2025Evaluating LLM-Generated Legal Explanations for Regulatory Compliance in Social Media Influencer Marketingcited by 4
  8. 2025Measuring Faithfulness and Abstention: An Automated Pipeline for Evaluating LLM-Generated 3-ply Case-Based Legal Argumentscited by 3
  9. 2025AutoSpec: An Agentic Framework for Automatically Drafting Patent Specificationcited by 3
  10. 2024Quebec Automobile Insurance Question-Answering With Retrieval-Augmented Generationcited by 2
  11. 2025Identifying Legal Holdings with LLMs: A Systematic Study of Performance, Scale, and Memorizationcited by 2
  12. 2023RISC: Generating Realistic Synthetic Bilingual Insurance Contractcited by 1
  13. 2023TMID: A Comprehensive Real-world Dataset for Trademark Infringement Detection in E-Commercecited by 1
  14. 2024No Argument Left Behind: Overlapping Chunks for Faster Processing of Arbitrarily Long Legal Textscited by 1
  15. 2025LegalViz: Legal Text Visualization by Text To Diagram Generationcited by 1
  16. 2025ClaimGen-CN: A Large-scale Chinese Dataset for Legal Claim Generationcited by 1
  17. 2023A Framework for Monitoring and Retraining Language Models in Real-World Applicationscited by 0
  18. 2024Towards Supporting Legal Argumentation with NLP: Is More Data Really All You Need?cited by 0
  19. 2025LLMs for Legal Subsumption in German Employment Contractscited by 0
  20. 2025JUDGEBERT: Assessing Legal Meaning Preservation Between Sentencescited by 0
  21. 2025Charting the Future of Scholarly Knowledge with AI: A Community Perspectivecited by 0
  22. 2025Retrieving Semantically Similar Decisions under Noisy Institutional Labels: Robust Comparison of Embedding Methodscited by 0
  23. 2026Beyond Case Law: Evaluating Structure-Aware Retrieval and Safety in Statute-Centric Legal QAcited by 0
  24. 2026MAP-Law: Coverage-Driven Retrieval Control for Multi-Turn Legal Consultationcited by 0
  25. 2026Implementing Computational Law in Wolfram Language for the Governance of Artificial Intelligencecited by 0
  26. 2026Building Legal Reward Models for Grounding and Abstentioncited by 0