HateProof: Are Hateful Meme Detection Systems really Robust?
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Exploiting social media to spread hate has tremendously increased over the years. Lately, multi-modal hateful content such as memes has drawn relatively more traction than uni-modal content. Moreover, the availability of implicit content payloads makes them fairly challenging to be detected by existing hateful meme detection systems. In this paper, we present a use case study to analyze such systems' vulnerabilities against external adversarial attacks. We find that even very simple perturbations in uni-modal and multi-modal settings performed by humans with little knowledge about the model can make the existing detection models highly vulnerable. Empirically, we find a noticeable performance drop of as high as 10% in the macro-F1 score for certain attacks. As a remedy, we attempt to boost the model's robustness using contrastive learning as well as an adversarial training-based method - VILLA. Using an ensemble of the above two approaches, in two of our high resolution datasets, we are able to (re)gain back the performance to a large extent for certain attacks. We believe that ours is a first step toward addressing this crucial problem in an adversarial setting and would inspire more such investigations in the future.
Key facts. Cited by 7 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 47 of its 70 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 Feb 2023.
Builds on
47 of 70 references.
References · 47
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 52,096
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 37,240
- 2020A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representationscited by 12,049
- 2015Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networkscited by 9,639
- 2017Towards Deep Learning Models Resistant to Adversarial Attackscited by 6,415
- 2013Intriguing properties of neural networkscited by 5,155
- 2016Towards Evaluating the Robustness of Neural Networkscited by 2,998
- 2019LXMERT: Learning Cross-Modality Encoder Representations from Transformerscited by 1,553
- 2019Theoretically Principled Trade-off between Robustness and Accuracycited by 1,517
- 2016Google's Neural Machine Translation System: Bridging the Gap between Human and Machine Translationcited by 1,475
- 2020Big Self-Supervised Models are Strong Semi-Supervised Learnerscited by 1,380
35 more
- 2017Bottom-Up and Top-Down Attention for Image Captioning and Visual Question Answeringcited by 1,312
- 2019VisualBERT: A Simple and Performant Baseline for Vision and Languagecited by 1,296
- 2020Oscar: Object-Semantics Aligned Pre-training for Vision-Language Taskscited by 1,214
- 2017Ensemble Adversarial Training: Attacks and Defensescited by 840
- 2018Computational Optimal Transportcited by 780
- 2017Evasion Attacks against Machine Learning at Test Timecited by 689
- 2019Quantifying the Carbon Emissions of Machine Learningcited by 521
- 2020The Hateful Memes Challenge: Detecting Hate Speech in Multimodal Memescited by 490
- 2020Large-Scale Adversarial Training for Vision-and-Language Representation Learningcited by 327
- 2018Feature Denoising for Improving Adversarial Robustnesscited by 314
- 2019FreeLB: Enhanced Adversarial Training for Natural Language Understandingcited by 264
- 2019SMART: Robust and Efficient Fine-Tuning for Pre-trained Natural Language Models through Principled Regularized Optimizationcited by 254
- 2021Fixing Data Augmentation to Improve Adversarial Robustnesscited by 204
- 2021Data Augmentation Can Improve Robustnesscited by 194
- 2020Boosting Adversarial Training with Hypersphere Embeddingcited by 97
- 2020SemEval-2020 Task 8: Memotion Analysis -- The Visuo-Lingual Metaphor!cited by 78
- 2021Detecting Harmful Memes and Their Targetscited by 78
- 2018All You Need is "Love": Evading Hate-speech Detectioncited by 56
- 2020Vilio: State-of-the-art Visio-Linguistic Models applied to Hateful Memescited by 51
- 2020Detecting Hate Speech in Memes Using Multimodal Deep Learning Approaches: Prize-winning solution to Hateful Memes Challengecited by 51
- 2020A Multimodal Framework for the Detection of Hateful Memescited by 49
- 2021Improved Text Classification via Contrastive Adversarial Trainingcited by 38
- 2020A Closer Look at the Robustness of Vision-and-Language Pre-trained Modelscited by 37
- 2022AugLy: Data Augmentations for Robustnesscited by 34
- 2019Hate Speech in Pixels: Detection of Offensive Memes towards Automatic Moderationcited by 29
- 2022On Explaining Multimodal Hateful Meme Detection Modelscited by 29
- 2018What is Gab? A Bastion of Free Speech or an Alt-Right Echo Chamber?cited by 24
- 2022Defending Multimodal Fusion Models against Single-Source Adversariescited by 20
- 2020A Multimodal Memes Classification: A Survey and Open Research Issuescited by 14
- 2021Deep Learning-based Forgery Attack on Document Imagescited by 14
- 2021Robustness Disparities in Commercial Face Detectioncited by 11
- 2020Adversarial Evaluation of Multimodal Models under Realistic Gray Box Assumptioncited by 8
- 2021Two-Face: Adversarial Audit of Commercial Face Recognition Systemscited by 8
- 2021Understanding and Measuring Robustness of Multimodal Learningcited by 5
- 2021Improving Gradient-based Adversarial Training for Text Classification by Contrastive Learning and Auto-Encodercited by 4
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 4; 2025: 2.
7 papers.
- 2024Toxic Memes: A Survey of Computational Perspectives on the Detection and Explanation of Meme Toxicitiescited by 13
- 2024Towards Comprehensive Detection of Chinese Harmful Memescited by 13
- 2023A Template Is All You Memecited by 9
- 2024Bridging Modalities: Enhancing Cross-Modality Hate Speech Detection with Few-Shot In-Context Learningcited by 7
- 2024Towards Generalized Offensive Language Identificationcited by 1
- 2025The Impact of Scaling Training Data on Adversarial Robustnesscited by 1
- 2025Fall into a Pit, Gain in a Wit: Cognitive-Guided Harmful Meme Detection via Misjudgment Risk Pattern Retrievalcited by 0
- 2025Fall into a Pit, Gain in a Wit: Cognitive-Guided Harmful Meme Detection via Misjudgment Risk Pattern Retrieval10 Oct 2025
- 2025The Impact of Scaling Training Data on Adversarial Robustness30 Sep 2025
- 2024Bridging Modalities: Enhancing Cross-Modality Hate Speech Detection with Few-Shot In-Context Learning8 Oct 2024
- 2024Towards Comprehensive Detection of Chinese Harmful Memes3 Oct 2024
- 2024Towards Generalized Offensive Language Identification26 Jul 2024
- 2024Toxic Memes: A Survey of Computational Perspectives on the Detection and Explanation of Meme Toxicities11 Jun 2024
- 2023A Template Is All You Meme11 Nov 2023