Reinforcement Learning from Diverse Human Preferences
On the map: LLM alignment / RLHF / preference optimisation → Reward modeling and RLHF
Abstract (arXiv)
The complexity of designing reward functions has been a major obstacle to the wide application of deep reinforcement learning (RL) techniques. Describing an agent's desired behaviors and properties can be difficult, even for experts. A new paradigm called reinforcement learning from human preferences (or preference-based RL) has emerged as a promising solution, in which reward functions are learned from human preference labels among behavior trajectories. However, existing methods for preference-based RL are limited by the need for accurate oracle preference labels. This paper addresses this limitation by developing a method for crowd-sourcing preference labels and learning from diverse human preferences. The key idea is to stabilize reward learning through regularization and correction in a latent space. To ensure temporal consistency, a strong constraint is imposed on the reward model that forces its latent space to be close to the prior distribution. Additionally, a confidence-based reward model ensembling method is designed to generate more stable and reliable predictions. The proposed method is tested on a variety of tasks in DMcontrol and Meta-world and has shown consistent and significant improvements over existing preference-based RL algorithms when learning from diverse feedback, paving the way for real-world applications of RL methods.
Key facts. Cited by 24 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Reward modeling and RLHF, one of 10 directions in LLM alignment / RLHF / preference optimisation. Builds on 16 of its 32 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 27 Jan 2023.
Builds on
16 of 32 references.
Closest ancestors · 6
Same direction, newest first
- 2022Reward Uncertainty for Exploration in Preference-based Reinforcement Learning24 May
- 2022SURF: Semi-supervised Reward Learning with Data Augmentation for Feedback-efficient Preference-based Reinforcement Learning18 Mar
- 2021PEBBLE: Feedback-Efficient Interactive Reinforcement Learning via Relabeling Experience and Unsupervised Pre-training9 Jun
- 2018Scalable agent alignment via reward modeling: a research direction19 Nov
- 2018Reward learning from human preferences and demonstrations in Atari15 Nov
- 2017Deep reinforcement learning from human preferences12 Jun
Other references · 10
- 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,712
- 2020Learning to summarize from human feedbackcited by 2,562
- 2019Meta-World: A Benchmark and Evaluation for Multi-Task and Meta Reinforcement Learningcited by 1,168
- 2018DeepMind Control Suitecited by 935
- 2020dm_control: Software and Tasks for Continuous Controlcited by 368
- 2017DeepStack: Expert-Level Artificial Intelligence in No-Limit Pokercited by 228
- 2021B-Pref: Benchmarking Preference-Based Reinforcement Learningcited by 106
- 2018Batch Active Preference-Based Learning of Reward Functionscited by 87
- 2022Few-Shot Preference Learning for Human-in-the-Loop RLcited by 85
- 2022PrefRec: Recommender Systems with Human Preferences for Reinforcing Long-term User Engagementcited by 21
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2023: 4; 2024: 10; 2025: 6; 2026: 4.
24 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2023Preference Ranking Optimization for Human Alignmentcited by 283
- 2024RIME: Robust Preference-based Reinforcement Learning with Noisy Preferencescited by 37
- 2024Uni-RLHF: Universal Platform and Benchmark Suite for Reinforcement Learning with Diverse Human Feedbackcited by 20
- 2024Corruption Robust Offline Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedbackcited by 20
- 2024Strengthened Symbol Binding Makes Large Language Models Reliable Multiple-Choice Selectorscited by 13
- 2024LIRE: listwise reward enhancement for preference alignmentcited by 11
- 2024A SMART Mnemonic Sounds like "Glue Tonic": Mixing LLMs with Student Feedback to Make Mnemonic Learning Stickcited by 10
- 2023PEARL: Zero-shot Cross-task Preference Alignment and Robust Reward Learning for Robotic Manipulationcited by 9
- 2025Reward Learning from Multiple Feedback Typescited by 9
- 2023The Empty Signifier Problem: Towards Clearer Paradigms for Operationalising "Alignment" in Large Language Modelscited by 7
- 2025TREND: Tri-teaching for Robust Preference-based Reinforcement Learning with Demonstrationscited by 7
- 2024Leveraging Sub-Optimal Data for Human-in-the-Loop Reinforcement Learningcited by 6
12 more
- 2025Extracting and Understanding the Superficial Knowledge in Alignmentcited by 5
- 2024Hindsight Preference Learning for Offline Preference-based Reinforcement Learningcited by 3
- 2025CLARIFY: Contrastive Preference Reinforcement Learning for Untangling Ambiguous Queriescited by 3
- 2023Human-AI Collaboration in Real-World Complex Environment with Reinforcement Learningcited by 2
- 2024FlipGuard: Defending Preference Alignment against Update Regression with Constrained Optimizationcited by 2
- 2025Robust Reward Alignment via Hypothesis Space Batch Cuttingcited by 2
- 2025Reward Generation via Large Vision-Language Model in Offline Reinforcement Learningcited by 2
- 2026Evaluating Feature Dependent Noise in Preference-based Reinforcement Learningcited by 1
- 2026RoDiF: Robust Direct Fine-Tuning of Diffusion Policies with Corrupted Human Feedbackcited by 1
- 2024Adaptive Querying for Reward Learning from Human Feedbackcited by 0
- 2026CuMA: Aligning LLMs with Sparse Cultural Values via Demographic-Aware Mixture of Adapterscited by 0
- 2026Optimising Factual Consistency in Summarisation via Preference Learning from Multiple Imperfect Metricscited by 0
- 2026Optimising Factual Consistency in Summarisation via Preference Learning from Multiple Imperfect Metrics26 May 2026
- 2026RoDiF: Robust Direct Fine-Tuning of Diffusion Policies with Corrupted Human Feedback31 Jan 2026
- 2026CuMA: Aligning LLMs with Sparse Cultural Values via Demographic-Aware Mixture of Adapters8 Jan 2026
- 2026Evaluating Feature Dependent Noise in Preference-based Reinforcement Learning5 Jan 2026
- 2025CLARIFY: Contrastive Preference Reinforcement Learning for Untangling Ambiguous Queries31 May 2025
- 2025TREND: Tri-teaching for Robust Preference-based Reinforcement Learning with Demonstrations9 May 2025
- 2025Reward Generation via Large Vision-Language Model in Offline Reinforcement Learning3 Apr 2025
- 2025Reward Learning from Multiple Feedback Types28 Feb 2025
- 2025Extracting and Understanding the Superficial Knowledge in Alignment7 Feb 2025
- 2025Robust Reward Alignment via Hypothesis Space Batch Cutting5 Feb 2025
- 2024Adaptive Querying for Reward Learning from Human Feedback11 Dec 2024
- 2024FlipGuard: Defending Preference Alignment against Update Regression with Constrained Optimization1 Oct 2024
12 more
- 2024Hindsight Preference Learning for Offline Preference-based Reinforcement Learning5 Jul 2024
- 2024A SMART Mnemonic Sounds like "Glue Tonic": Mixing LLMs with Student Feedback to Make Mnemonic Learning Stick21 Jun 2024
- 2024Strengthened Symbol Binding Makes Large Language Models Reliable Multiple-Choice Selectors3 Jun 2024
- 2024LIRE: listwise reward enhancement for preference alignment22 May 2024
- 2024Leveraging Sub-Optimal Data for Human-in-the-Loop Reinforcement Learning30 Apr 2024
- 2024RIME: Robust Preference-based Reinforcement Learning with Noisy Preferences27 Feb 2024
- 2024Corruption Robust Offline Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedback9 Feb 2024
- 2024Uni-RLHF: Universal Platform and Benchmark Suite for Reinforcement Learning with Diverse Human Feedback4 Feb 2024
- 2023Human-AI Collaboration in Real-World Complex Environment with Reinforcement Learning23 Dec 2023
- 2023The Empty Signifier Problem: Towards Clearer Paradigms for Operationalising "Alignment" in Large Language Models3 Oct 2023
- 2023Preference Ranking Optimization for Human Alignment30 Jun 2023
- 2023PEARL: Zero-shot Cross-task Preference Alignment and Robust Reward Learning for Robotic Manipulation6 Jun 2023
- 2023Preference Ranking Optimization for Human Alignmentcited by 283
- 2024Uni-RLHF: Universal Platform and Benchmark Suite for Reinforcement Learning with Diverse Human Feedbackcited by 20
- 2024Corruption Robust Offline Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedbackcited by 20
- 2024LIRE: listwise reward enhancement for preference alignmentcited by 11
- 2024A SMART Mnemonic Sounds like "Glue Tonic": Mixing LLMs with Student Feedback to Make Mnemonic Learning Stickcited by 10
- 2023PEARL: Zero-shot Cross-task Preference Alignment and Robust Reward Learning for Robotic Manipulationcited by 9
- 2025TREND: Tri-teaching for Robust Preference-based Reinforcement Learning with Demonstrationscited by 7
- 2025Extracting and Understanding the Superficial Knowledge in Alignmentcited by 5
- 2024FlipGuard: Defending Preference Alignment against Update Regression with Constrained Optimizationcited by 2
- 2025Robust Reward Alignment via Hypothesis Space Batch Cuttingcited by 2
- 2026Evaluating Feature Dependent Noise in Preference-based Reinforcement Learningcited by 1
- 2024Adaptive Querying for Reward Learning from Human Feedbackcited by 0
12 most cited of 13 All 13 (JSON)
- 2026Optimising Factual Consistency in Summarisation via Preference Learning from Multiple Imperfect Metrics26 May 2026
- 2026Evaluating Feature Dependent Noise in Preference-based Reinforcement Learning5 Jan 2026
- 2025TREND: Tri-teaching for Robust Preference-based Reinforcement Learning with Demonstrations9 May 2025
- 2025Extracting and Understanding the Superficial Knowledge in Alignment7 Feb 2025
- 2025Robust Reward Alignment via Hypothesis Space Batch Cutting5 Feb 2025
- 2024Adaptive Querying for Reward Learning from Human Feedback11 Dec 2024
- 2024FlipGuard: Defending Preference Alignment against Update Regression with Constrained Optimization1 Oct 2024
- 2024A SMART Mnemonic Sounds like "Glue Tonic": Mixing LLMs with Student Feedback to Make Mnemonic Learning Stick21 Jun 2024
- 2024LIRE: listwise reward enhancement for preference alignment22 May 2024
- 2024Corruption Robust Offline Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedback9 Feb 2024
- 2024Uni-RLHF: Universal Platform and Benchmark Suite for Reinforcement Learning with Diverse Human Feedback4 Feb 2024
- 2023Preference Ranking Optimization for Human Alignment30 Jun 2023
12 newest of 13 All 13 (JSON)
- 2025Reward Learning from Multiple Feedback Typescited by 9
- 2025Reward Learning from Multiple Feedback Types28 Feb 2025
- 2024RIME: Robust Preference-based Reinforcement Learning with Noisy Preferencescited by 37
- 2024Strengthened Symbol Binding Makes Large Language Models Reliable Multiple-Choice Selectorscited by 13
- 2023The Empty Signifier Problem: Towards Clearer Paradigms for Operationalising "Alignment" in Large Language Modelscited by 7
- 2024Leveraging Sub-Optimal Data for Human-in-the-Loop Reinforcement Learningcited by 6
- 2024Hindsight Preference Learning for Offline Preference-based Reinforcement Learningcited by 3
- 2025CLARIFY: Contrastive Preference Reinforcement Learning for Untangling Ambiguous Queriescited by 3
- 2023Human-AI Collaboration in Real-World Complex Environment with Reinforcement Learningcited by 2
- 2026CuMA: Aligning LLMs with Sparse Cultural Values via Demographic-Aware Mixture of Adapterscited by 0
- 2026CuMA: Aligning LLMs with Sparse Cultural Values via Demographic-Aware Mixture of Adapters8 Jan 2026
- 2025CLARIFY: Contrastive Preference Reinforcement Learning for Untangling Ambiguous Queries31 May 2025
- 2024Hindsight Preference Learning for Offline Preference-based Reinforcement Learning5 Jul 2024
- 2024Strengthened Symbol Binding Makes Large Language Models Reliable Multiple-Choice Selectors3 Jun 2024
- 2024Leveraging Sub-Optimal Data for Human-in-the-Loop Reinforcement Learning30 Apr 2024
- 2024RIME: Robust Preference-based Reinforcement Learning with Noisy Preferences27 Feb 2024
- 2023Human-AI Collaboration in Real-World Complex Environment with Reinforcement Learning23 Dec 2023
- 2023The Empty Signifier Problem: Towards Clearer Paradigms for Operationalising "Alignment" in Large Language Models3 Oct 2023
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2023Contrastive Preference Learning: Learning from Human Feedback without RL
- 2024Personalizing Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback with Variational Preference Learning
- 2024MaxMin-RLHF: Alignment with Diverse Human Preferences
- 2024Towards Comprehensive Preference Data Collection for Reward Modeling
- 2025Policy-labeled Preference Learning: Is Preference Enough for RLHF?
- 2024RLHF from Heterogeneous Feedback via Personalization and Preference Aggregation
- 2024Crowd-PrefRL: Preference-Based Reward Learning from Crowds
- 2023Is RLHF More Difficult than Standard RL?