OpenFE: Automated Feature Generation with Expert-level Performance
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Abstract (arXiv)
The goal of automated feature generation is to liberate machine learning experts from the laborious task of manual feature generation, which is crucial for improving the learning performance of tabular data. The major challenge in automated feature generation is to efficiently and accurately identify effective features from a vast pool of candidate features. In this paper, we present OpenFE, an automated feature generation tool that provides competitive results against machine learning experts. OpenFE achieves high efficiency and accuracy with two components: 1) a novel feature boosting method for accurately evaluating the incremental performance of candidate features and 2) a two-stage pruning algorithm that performs feature pruning in a coarse-to-fine manner. Extensive experiments on ten benchmark datasets show that OpenFE outperforms existing baseline methods by a large margin. We further evaluate OpenFE in two Kaggle competitions with thousands of data science teams participating. In the two competitions, features generated by OpenFE with a simple baseline model can beat 99.3% and 99.6% data science teams respectively. In addition to the empirical results, we provide a theoretical perspective to show that feature generation can be beneficial in a simple yet representative setting. The code is available at https://github.com/ZhangTP1996/OpenFE.
Key facts. Cited by 52 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 17 of its 56 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Nov 2022.
Builds on
17 of 56 references.
References · 17
- 2016XGBoost: A Scalable Tree Boosting Systemcited by 5,120
- 2021Revisiting Deep Learning Models for Tabular Datacited by 725
- 2019TabNet: Attentive Interpretable Tabular Learningcited by 640
- 2021Deep Neural Networks and Tabular Data: A Surveycited by 489
- 2020AutoGluon-Tabular: Robust and Accurate AutoML for Structured Datacited by 368
- 2020DCN V2: Improved Deep & Cross Network and Practical Lessons for Web-scale Learning to Rank Systemscited by 326
- 2018AutoInt: Automatic Feature Interaction Learning via Self-Attentive Neural Networkscited by 319
- 2018Consistent Individualized Feature Attribution for Tree Ensemblescited by 279
- 2019Neural Oblivious Decision Ensembles for Deep Learning on Tabular Datacited by 200
- 2022On Embeddings for Numerical Features in Tabular Deep Learningcited by 185
- 2017OpenML Benchmarking Suitescited by 169
- 2013Introducing LETOR 4.0 Datasetscited by 120
5 more
- 2017Feature Engineering for Predictive Modeling using Reinforcement Learningcited by 78
- 2019The autofeat Python Library for Automated Feature Engineering and Selectioncited by 73
- 2019AutoCross: Automatic Feature Crossing for Tabular Data in Real-World Applicationscited by 39
- 2020SAFE: Scalable Automatic Feature Engineering Framework for Industrial Taskscited by 17
- 2020DIFER: Differentiable Automated Feature Engineeringcited by 16
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 10; 2025: 21; 2026: 21.
52 papers.
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- 2025MLE-STAR: Machine Learning Engineering Agent via Search and Targeted Refinementcited by 52
- 2024Optimized Feature Generation for Tabular Data via LLMs with Decision Tree Reasoningcited by 48
- 2025LLM-FE: Automated Feature Engineering for Tabular Data with LLMs as Evolutionary Optimizerscited by 35
- 2024Automated data processing and feature engineering for deep learning and big data applications: a surveycited by 14
- 2024QuantFactor REINFORCE: Mining Steady Formulaic Alpha Factors with Variance-bounded REINFORCEcited by 13
- 2025Navigating the Alpha Jungle: An LLM-Powered MCTS Framework for Formulaic Factor Miningcited by 13
- 2025Cognitive Alpha Mining via LLM-Driven Code-Based Evolutioncited by 12
- 2025Unsupervised Feature Transformation via In-context Generation, Generator-critic LLM Agents, and Duet-play Teamingcited by 11
- 2024Large Language Models Engineer Too Many Simple Features For Tabular Datacited by 8
- 2025LLM Meeting Decision Trees on Tabular Datacited by 7
- 2025Autonomous Data Agents: A New Opportunity for Smart Datacited by 6
- 2024Enhancing Tabular Data Optimization with a Flexible Graph-based Reinforced Exploration Strategycited by 5
38 more
- 2024The FIX Benchmark: Extracting Features Interpretable to eXpertscited by 5
- 2025FastFT: Accelerating Reinforced Feature Transformation via Advanced Exploration Strategiescited by 5
- 2025LLM-ML Teaming: Integrated Symbolic Decoding and Gradient Search for Valid and Stable Generative Feature Transformationcited by 5
- 2024IIFE: Interaction Information Based Automated Feature Engineeringcited by 4
- 2025Learning from Expert Factors: Trajectory-level Reward Shaping for Formulaic Alpha Miningcited by 4
- 2026FAMOSE: A ReAct Approach to Automated Feature Discoverycited by 4
- 2024Retrieval-Augmented Feature Generation for Domain-Specific Classificationcited by 3
- 2025Tabular Feature Discovery With Reasoning Type Explorationcited by 3
- 2025Collaborative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Automated Feature Transformation with Graph-Driven Path Optimizationcited by 2
- 2025FELA: A Multi-Agent Evolutionary System for Feature Engineering of Industrial Event Log Datacited by 2
- 2025Knowledge-Informed Automatic Feature Extraction via Collaborative Large Language Model Agentscited by 2
- 2026SeeMe: Mitigating Hallucinations in Large Vision-Language Models through Effective Visual Token Engineeringcited by 2
- 2026MDArena: Evaluating Coding Agents on Realistic Molecular Dynamics Workflowscited by 2
- 2024Federated Automated Feature Engineeringcited by 1
- 2025Dataset-Agnostic Recommender Systemscited by 1
- 2025Dataforge: Agentic Platform for Autonomous Data Engineeringcited by 1
- 2026Human-LLM Collaborative Feature Engineering for Tabular Datacited by 1
- 2026AlphaForgeBench: Benchmarking End-to-End Trading Strategy Design with Large Language Modelscited by 1
- 2026Embedding-Aware Feature Discovery: Bridging Latent Representations and Interpretable Features in Event Sequencescited by 1
- 2026FeatEHR-LLM: Leveraging Large Language Models for Feature Engineering in Electronic Health Recordscited by 1
- 2026Eureka: Intelligent Feature Engineering for Enterprise AI Cloud Resource Demand Predictioncited by 1
- 2024Learned Feature Importance Scores for Automated Feature Engineeringcited by 0
- 2025Task-Agnostic Federation over Decentralized Data: Research Landscape and Visionscited by 0
- 2025Two-Stage Feature Generation with Transformer and Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
- 2025How Usable is Automated Feature Engineering for Tabular Data?cited by 0
- 2025Probabilistic Pretraining for Neural Regressioncited by 0
- 2025DeepFeature: LLM-Empowered Context-aware Feature Generation for Wearable Biosignalscited by 0
- 2026CoFEH: LLM-driven Feature Engineering Empowered by Collaborative Bayesian Hyperparameter Optimizationcited by 0
- 2026iML: Executable, Problem-Grounded, and Broadly Exploratory Code-Driven AutoMLcited by 0
- 2026FairFS: Addressing Deep Feature Selection Biases for Recommender Systemcited by 0
- 2026MedFeat: Model-Aware and Explainability-Driven Feature Engineering with LLMs for Tabular Predictioncited by 0
- 2026Memory-Augmented LLM-based Multi-Agent System for Automated Feature Generation on Tabular Datacited by 0
- 2026SCOPE-FE: Structured Control of Operator and Pairwise Exploration for Feature Engineering via Quality-Aware Candidate-Space Reductioncited by 0
- 2026Bridging Expert Knowledge and Automated Feature Engineering via Self-Evolutioncited by 0
- 2026LATTEArena: An Evaluation Framework for LLM-powered Tabular Feature Engineering (Extended Version)cited by 0
- 2026Adaptive Graph-of-Islands Evolution for Automatic Feature Engineering with LLMscited by 0
- 2026When Do Corrective Features Help? An Agent for Corrective Feature Discovery on Black-Box Forecasterscited by 0
- 2026SIGMA: SHAP-Guided Implicit-Trajectory Generation for Metadata-Free LLM-Based AutoFEcited by 0
50 most cited of 52 All 52 (JSON)
- 2026The Geometry of Logic: Stratification Induces Semantic Structure and Robust Reasoning26 Sep 2026
- 2026SymboLLM-FE: LLM-Accelerated Symbolic Regression for Automated Feature Engineering on Tabular Data28 Aug 2026
- 2026SIGMA: SHAP-Guided Implicit-Trajectory Generation for Metadata-Free LLM-Based AutoFE18 Aug 2026
- 2026When Do Corrective Features Help? An Agent for Corrective Feature Discovery on Black-Box Forecasters5 Aug 2026
- 2026MDArena: Evaluating Coding Agents on Realistic Molecular Dynamics Workflows31 Jul 2026
- 2026Adaptive Graph-of-Islands Evolution for Automatic Feature Engineering with LLMs25 Jul 2026
- 2026SeeMe: Mitigating Hallucinations in Large Vision-Language Models through Effective Visual Token Engineering5 Jul 2026
- 2026LATTEArena: An Evaluation Framework for LLM-powered Tabular Feature Engineering (Extended Version)8 Jun 2026
- 2026Bridging Expert Knowledge and Automated Feature Engineering via Self-Evolution7 Jun 2026
- 2026Eureka: Intelligent Feature Engineering for Enterprise AI Cloud Resource Demand Prediction24 May 2026
- 2026SCOPE-FE: Structured Control of Operator and Pairwise Exploration for Feature Engineering via Quality-Aware Candidate-Space Reduction29 Apr 2026
- 2026FeatEHR-LLM: Leveraging Large Language Models for Feature Engineering in Electronic Health Records24 Apr 2026
38 more
- 2026Memory-Augmented LLM-based Multi-Agent System for Automated Feature Generation on Tabular Data22 Apr 2026
- 2026Embedding-Aware Feature Discovery: Bridging Latent Representations and Interpretable Features in Event Sequences16 Mar 2026
- 2026FairFS: Addressing Deep Feature Selection Biases for Recommender System23 Feb 2026
- 2026FAMOSE: A ReAct Approach to Automated Feature Discovery19 Feb 2026
- 2026iML: Executable, Problem-Grounded, and Broadly Exploratory Code-Driven AutoML15 Feb 2026
- 2026MedFeat: Model-Aware and Explainability-Driven Feature Engineering with LLMs for Tabular Prediction10 Feb 2026
- 2026AlphaForgeBench: Benchmarking End-to-End Trading Strategy Design with Large Language Models10 Feb 2026
- 2026CoFEH: LLM-driven Feature Engineering Empowered by Collaborative Bayesian Hyperparameter Optimization10 Feb 2026
- 2026Human-LLM Collaborative Feature Engineering for Tabular Data28 Jan 2026
- 2025DeepFeature: LLM-Empowered Context-aware Feature Generation for Wearable Biosignals9 Dec 2025
- 2025Cognitive Alpha Mining via LLM-Driven Code-Based Evolution24 Nov 2025
- 2025Knowledge-Informed Automatic Feature Extraction via Collaborative Large Language Model Agents19 Nov 2025
- 2025Dataforge: Agentic Platform for Autonomous Data Engineering9 Nov 2025
- 2025FELA: A Multi-Agent Evolutionary System for Feature Engineering of Industrial Event Log Data29 Oct 2025
- 2025Autonomous Data Agents: A New Opportunity for Smart Data23 Sep 2025
- 2025Probabilistic Pretraining for Neural Regression22 Aug 2025
- 2025How Usable is Automated Feature Engineering for Tabular Data?19 Aug 2025
- 2025Learning from Expert Factors: Trajectory-level Reward Shaping for Formulaic Alpha Mining27 Jul 2025
- 2025Tabular Feature Discovery With Reasoning Type Exploration25 Jun 2025
- 2025LLM-ML Teaming: Integrated Symbolic Decoding and Gradient Search for Valid and Stable Generative Feature Transformation10 Jun 2025
- 2025Two-Stage Feature Generation with Transformer and Reinforcement Learning28 May 2025
- 2025MLE-STAR: Machine Learning Engineering Agent via Search and Targeted Refinement27 May 2025
- 2025LLM Meeting Decision Trees on Tabular Data23 May 2025
- 2025Navigating the Alpha Jungle: An LLM-Powered MCTS Framework for Formulaic Factor Mining16 May 2025
- 2025Unsupervised Feature Transformation via In-context Generation, Generator-critic LLM Agents, and Duet-play Teaming30 Apr 2025
- 2025Collaborative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Automated Feature Transformation with Graph-Driven Path Optimization24 Apr 2025
- 2025FastFT: Accelerating Reinforced Feature Transformation via Advanced Exploration Strategies26 Mar 2025
- 2025LLM-FE: Automated Feature Engineering for Tabular Data with LLMs as Evolutionary Optimizers18 Mar 2025
- 2025Task-Agnostic Federation over Decentralized Data: Research Landscape and Visions5 Mar 2025
- 2025Dataset-Agnostic Recommender Systems13 Jan 2025
- 2024Federated Automated Feature Engineering5 Dec 2024
- 2024Large Language Models Engineer Too Many Simple Features For Tabular Data23 Oct 2024
- 2024The FIX Benchmark: Extracting Features Interpretable to eXperts20 Sep 2024
- 2024QuantFactor REINFORCE: Mining Steady Formulaic Alpha Factors with Variance-bounded REINFORCE8 Sep 2024
- 2024IIFE: Interaction Information Based Automated Feature Engineering7 Sep 2024
- 2024Retrieval-Augmented Feature Generation for Domain-Specific Classification17 Jun 2024
- 2024Optimized Feature Generation for Tabular Data via LLMs with Decision Tree Reasoning12 Jun 2024
- 2024Enhancing Tabular Data Optimization with a Flexible Graph-based Reinforced Exploration Strategy11 Jun 2024
50 newest of 52 All 52 (JSON)
- 2025MLE-STAR: Machine Learning Engineering Agent via Search and Targeted Refinementcited by 52
- 2025Unsupervised Feature Transformation via In-context Generation, Generator-critic LLM Agents, and Duet-play Teamingcited by 11
- 2025Autonomous Data Agents: A New Opportunity for Smart Datacited by 6
- 2025FELA: A Multi-Agent Evolutionary System for Feature Engineering of Industrial Event Log Datacited by 2
- 2025Knowledge-Informed Automatic Feature Extraction via Collaborative Large Language Model Agentscited by 2
- 2026MDArena: Evaluating Coding Agents on Realistic Molecular Dynamics Workflowscited by 2
- 2025Dataforge: Agentic Platform for Autonomous Data Engineeringcited by 1
- 2026Memory-Augmented LLM-based Multi-Agent System for Automated Feature Generation on Tabular Datacited by 0
- 2026When Do Corrective Features Help? An Agent for Corrective Feature Discovery on Black-Box Forecasterscited by 0
- 2026When Do Corrective Features Help? An Agent for Corrective Feature Discovery on Black-Box Forecasters5 Aug 2026
- 2026MDArena: Evaluating Coding Agents on Realistic Molecular Dynamics Workflows31 Jul 2026
- 2026Memory-Augmented LLM-based Multi-Agent System for Automated Feature Generation on Tabular Data22 Apr 2026
- 2025Knowledge-Informed Automatic Feature Extraction via Collaborative Large Language Model Agents19 Nov 2025
- 2025Dataforge: Agentic Platform for Autonomous Data Engineering9 Nov 2025
- 2025FELA: A Multi-Agent Evolutionary System for Feature Engineering of Industrial Event Log Data29 Oct 2025
- 2025Autonomous Data Agents: A New Opportunity for Smart Data23 Sep 2025
- 2025MLE-STAR: Machine Learning Engineering Agent via Search and Targeted Refinement27 May 2025
- 2025Unsupervised Feature Transformation via In-context Generation, Generator-critic LLM Agents, and Duet-play Teaming30 Apr 2025
- 2025LLM-FE: Automated Feature Engineering for Tabular Data with LLMs as Evolutionary Optimizerscited by 35
- 2024Automated data processing and feature engineering for deep learning and big data applications: a surveycited by 14
- 2024QuantFactor REINFORCE: Mining Steady Formulaic Alpha Factors with Variance-bounded REINFORCEcited by 13
- 2025Navigating the Alpha Jungle: An LLM-Powered MCTS Framework for Formulaic Factor Miningcited by 13
- 2025Cognitive Alpha Mining via LLM-Driven Code-Based Evolutioncited by 12
- 2024Large Language Models Engineer Too Many Simple Features For Tabular Datacited by 8
- 2025LLM Meeting Decision Trees on Tabular Datacited by 7
- 2024Enhancing Tabular Data Optimization with a Flexible Graph-based Reinforced Exploration Strategycited by 5
- 2024The FIX Benchmark: Extracting Features Interpretable to eXpertscited by 5
- 2025FastFT: Accelerating Reinforced Feature Transformation via Advanced Exploration Strategiescited by 5
- 2025LLM-ML Teaming: Integrated Symbolic Decoding and Gradient Search for Valid and Stable Generative Feature Transformationcited by 5
- 2024IIFE: Interaction Information Based Automated Feature Engineeringcited by 4
12 most cited of 38 All 38 (JSON)
- 2026SymboLLM-FE: LLM-Accelerated Symbolic Regression for Automated Feature Engineering on Tabular Data28 Aug 2026
- 2026SIGMA: SHAP-Guided Implicit-Trajectory Generation for Metadata-Free LLM-Based AutoFE18 Aug 2026
- 2026Adaptive Graph-of-Islands Evolution for Automatic Feature Engineering with LLMs25 Jul 2026
- 2026LATTEArena: An Evaluation Framework for LLM-powered Tabular Feature Engineering (Extended Version)8 Jun 2026
- 2026Bridging Expert Knowledge and Automated Feature Engineering via Self-Evolution7 Jun 2026
- 2026Eureka: Intelligent Feature Engineering for Enterprise AI Cloud Resource Demand Prediction24 May 2026
- 2026SCOPE-FE: Structured Control of Operator and Pairwise Exploration for Feature Engineering via Quality-Aware Candidate-Space Reduction29 Apr 2026
- 2026FeatEHR-LLM: Leveraging Large Language Models for Feature Engineering in Electronic Health Records24 Apr 2026
- 2026Embedding-Aware Feature Discovery: Bridging Latent Representations and Interpretable Features in Event Sequences16 Mar 2026
- 2026FairFS: Addressing Deep Feature Selection Biases for Recommender System23 Feb 2026
- 2026FAMOSE: A ReAct Approach to Automated Feature Discovery19 Feb 2026
- 2026iML: Executable, Problem-Grounded, and Broadly Exploratory Code-Driven AutoML15 Feb 2026
12 newest of 38 All 38 (JSON)