mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

OCR-VQGAN: Taming Text-within-Image Generation

arXiv 2210.11248 ↗First posted 19 Oct 2022cs.CVcited by 31

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Abstract (arXiv)

Synthetic image generation has recently experienced significant improvements in domains such as natural image or art generation. However, the problem of figure and diagram generation remains unexplored. A challenging aspect of generating figures and diagrams is effectively rendering readable texts within the images. To alleviate this problem, we present OCR-VQGAN, an image encoder, and decoder that leverages OCR pre-trained features to optimize a text perceptual loss, encouraging the architecture to preserve high-fidelity text and diagram structure. To explore our approach, we introduce the Paper2Fig100k dataset, with over 100k images of figures and texts from research papers. The figures show architecture diagrams and methodologies of articles available at arXiv.org from fields like artificial intelligence and computer vision. Figures usually include text and discrete objects, e.g., boxes in a diagram, with lines and arrows that connect them. We demonstrate the effectiveness of OCR-VQGAN by conducting several experiments on the task of figure reconstruction. Additionally, we explore the qualitative and quantitative impact of weighting different perceptual metrics in the overall loss function. We release code, models, and dataset at https://github.com/joanrod/ocr-vqgan.

Key facts. Cited by 31 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 29 of its 37 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 Oct 2022.

Builds on

29 of 37 references.

References · 29

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
  2. 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,456
  3. 2015U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentationcited by 19,604
  4. 2021High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 18,694
  5. 2014Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognitioncited by 15,267
  6. 2019Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformercited by 14,491
  7. 2018The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metriccited by 11,029
  8. 2014ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challengecited by 8,441
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  10. 2022Hierarchical Text-Conditional Image Generation with CLIP Latentscited by 6,539
  11. 2022Photorealistic Text-to-Image Diffusion Models with Deep Language Understandingcited by 6,322
  12. 2018A Style-Based Generator Architecture for Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 5,986
17 more
  1. 2017Neural Discrete Representation Learningcited by 4,650
  2. 2021Zero-Shot Text-to-Image Generationcited by 4,276
  3. 2019Analyzing and Improving the Image Quality of StyleGANcited by 3,580
  4. 2020Taming Transformers for High-Resolution Image Synthesiscited by 3,229
  5. 2016Perceptual Losses for Real-Time Style Transfer and Super-Resolutioncited by 2,678
  6. 2019Generating Diverse High-Fidelity Images with VQ-VAE-2cited by 1,376
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  8. 2021CogView: Mastering Text-to-Image Generation via Transformerscited by 691
  9. 2015An End-to-End Trainable Neural Network for Image-based Sequence Recognition and Its Application to Scene Text Recognitioncited by 519
  10. 2022Make-A-Scene: Scene-Based Text-to-Image Generation with Human Priorscited by 487
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  12. 2017FigureQA: An Annotated Figure Dataset for Visual Reasoningcited by 314
  13. 2019Character Region Awareness for Text Detectioncited by 273
  14. 2017GANs Trained by a Two Time-Scale Update Rule Converge to a Local Nash Equilibriumcited by 208
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  16. 2021SciCap: Generating Captions for Scientific Figurescited by 76
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 7; 2024: 7; 2025: 10; 2026: 7.

31 papers.

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  1. 2024DeepSeek-VL: Towards Real-World Vision-Language Understandingcited by 718
  2. 2023TextDiffuser: Diffusion Models as Text Painterscited by 223
  3. 2023AnyText: Multilingual Visual Text Generation And Editingcited by 165
  4. 2023StarVector: Generating Scalable Vector Graphics Code from Images and Textcited by 96
  5. 2023AutomaTikZ: Text-Guided Synthesis of Scientific Vector Graphics with TikZcited by 74
  6. 2025TikZero: Zero-Shot Text-Guided Graphics Program Synthesiscited by 21
  7. 2026AutoFigure: Generating and Refining Publication-Ready Scientific Illustrationscited by 20
  8. 2023FigGen: Text to Scientific Figure Generationcited by 16
  9. 2024Whiteboard-of-Thought: Thinking Step-by-Step Across Modalitiescited by 15
  10. 2024When Worse is Better: Navigating the compression-generation tradeoff in visual tokenizationcited by 14
  11. 2024CharGen: High Accurate Character-Level Visual Text Generation Model with MultiModal Encodercited by 14
  12. 2024ScImage: How Good Are Multimodal Large Language Models at Scientific Text-to-Image Generation?cited by 13
19 more
  1. 2025GeoUni: A Unified Model for Generating Geometry Diagrams, Problems and Problem Solutionscited by 11
  2. 2024ODM: A Text-Image Further Alignment Pre-training Approach for Scene Text Detection and Spottingcited by 10
  3. 2025Charts Are Not Images: On the Challenges of Scientific Chart Editingcited by 9
  4. 2025PatentLMM: Large Multimodal Model for Generating Descriptions for Patent Figurescited by 7
  5. 2025Exploring In-Image Machine Translation with Real-World Backgroundcited by 7
  6. 2025DiagramEval: Evaluating LLM-Generated Diagrams via Graphscited by 7
  7. 2023FASTER: A Font-Agnostic Scene Text Editing and Rendering Frameworkcited by 6
  8. 2026Automatic Method Illustration Generation for AI Scientific Papers via Drawing Middleware Creation, Evolution, and Orchestrationcited by 5
  9. 2026VectorGym: A Multi-Task Benchmark for SVG Code Generation, Sketching and Editingcited by 5
  10. 2023Enhancing OCR Performance through Post-OCR Models: Adopting Glyph Embedding for Improved Correctioncited by 2
  11. 2025SciGA: A Comprehensive Dataset for Designing Graphical Abstracts in Academic Paperscited by 2
  12. 2025TextPixs: Glyph-Conditioned Diffusion with Character-Aware Attention and OCR-Guided Supervisioncited by 2
  13. 2025TechImage-Bench: Rubric-Based Evaluation for Technical Image Generationcited by 2
  14. 2026GENFIG1: Visual Summaries of Scholarly Work as a Challenge for Vision-Language Modelscited by 2
  15. 2026Text2Arch: A Dataset for Generating Scientific Architecture Diagrams from Natural Language Descriptionscited by 1
  16. 2024Braille-to-Speech Generator: Audio Generation Based on Joint Fine-Tuning of CLIP and Fastspeech2cited by 0
  17. 2025Generative deep learning for foundational video translation in ultrasoundcited by 0
  18. 2026InsightTok: Improving Text and Face Fidelity in Discrete Tokenization for Autoregressive Image Generationcited by 0
  19. 2026Enhanced Video Text Editing with Trajectory-Aligned Glyph Renderingcited by 0