Figure Captioning with Reasoning and Sequence-Level Training
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Abstract (arXiv)
Figures, such as bar charts, pie charts, and line plots, are widely used to convey important information in a concise format. They are usually human-friendly but difficult for computers to process automatically. In this work, we investigate the problem of figure captioning where the goal is to automatically generate a natural language description of the figure. While natural image captioning has been studied extensively, figure captioning has received relatively little attention and remains a challenging problem. First, we introduce a new dataset for figure captioning, FigCAP, based on FigureQA. Second, we propose two novel attention mechanisms. To achieve accurate generation of labels in figures, we propose Label Maps Attention. To model the relations between figure labels, we propose Relation Maps Attention. Third, we use sequence-level training with reinforcement learning in order to directly optimizes evaluation metrics, which alleviates the exposure bias issue and further improves the models in generating long captions. Extensive experiments show that the proposed method outperforms the baselines, thus demonstrating a significant potential for the automatic captioning of vast repositories of figures.
Key facts. Cited by 21 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 7 Jun 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 3; 2023: 5; 2024: 6; 2025: 1; 2026: 3.
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- 2022Chart-to-Text: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Chart Summarizationcited by 166
- 2024Multimodal ArXiv: A Dataset for Improving Scientific Comprehension of Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 138
- 2023VisText: A Benchmark for Semantically Rich Chart Captioningcited by 111
- 2021SciCap: Generating Captions for Scientific Figurescited by 76
- 2023AutomaTikZ: Text-Guided Synthesis of Scientific Vector Graphics with TikZcited by 74
- 2022OpenCQA: Open-ended Question Answering with Chartscited by 60
- 2024From Pixels to Insights: A Survey on Automatic Chart Understanding in the Era of Large Foundation Modelscited by 52
- 2021Accessible Visualization via Natural Language Descriptions: A Four-Level Model of Semantic Contentcited by 38
- 2022OCR-VQGAN: Taming Text-within-Image Generationcited by 31
- 2023ChartReader: A Unified Framework for Chart Derendering and Comprehension without Heuristic Rulescited by 24
- 2023SciCap+: A Knowledge Augmented Dataset to Study the Challenges of Scientific Figure Captioningcited by 24
- 2023PatFig: Generating Short and Long Captions for Patent Figurescited by 12
9 more
- 2021Truth-Conditional Captioning of Time Series Datacited by 11
- 2024Natural Language Generation for Visualizations: State of the Art, Challenges and Future Directionscited by 5
- 2024GRAB: A Challenging GRaph Analysis Benchmark for Large Multimodal Modelscited by 3
- 2025TADACap: Time-series Adaptive Domain-Aware Captioningcited by 3
- 2024GoT-CQA: Graph-of-Thought Guided Compositional Reasoning for Chart Question Answeringcited by 2
- 2026GENFIG1: Visual Summaries of Scholarly Work as a Challenge for Vision-Language Modelscited by 2
- 2026ChartFI: Benchmarking Faithfulness and Insightfulness of Chart Descriptions from Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 2
- 2024Enhancing Scientific Figure Captioning Through Cross-modal Learningcited by 1
- 2026Text2Arch: A Dataset for Generating Scientific Architecture Diagrams from Natural Language Descriptionscited by 1
- 2026ChartFI: Benchmarking Faithfulness and Insightfulness of Chart Descriptions from Multimodal Large Language Models22 May 2026
- 2026Text2Arch: A Dataset for Generating Scientific Architecture Diagrams from Natural Language Descriptions16 Apr 2026
- 2026GENFIG1: Visual Summaries of Scholarly Work as a Challenge for Vision-Language Models5 Apr 2026
- 2025TADACap: Time-series Adaptive Domain-Aware Captioning15 Apr 2025
- 2024Natural Language Generation for Visualizations: State of the Art, Challenges and Future Directions29 Sep 2024
- 2024GoT-CQA: Graph-of-Thought Guided Compositional Reasoning for Chart Question Answering4 Sep 2024
- 2024GRAB: A Challenging GRaph Analysis Benchmark for Large Multimodal Models21 Aug 2024
- 2024Enhancing Scientific Figure Captioning Through Cross-modal Learning24 Jun 2024
- 2024From Pixels to Insights: A Survey on Automatic Chart Understanding in the Era of Large Foundation Models18 Mar 2024
- 2024Multimodal ArXiv: A Dataset for Improving Scientific Comprehension of Large Vision-Language Models1 Mar 2024
- 2023AutomaTikZ: Text-Guided Synthesis of Scientific Vector Graphics with TikZ30 Sep 2023
- 2023PatFig: Generating Short and Long Captions for Patent Figures15 Sep 2023
9 more
- 2023VisText: A Benchmark for Semantically Rich Chart Captioning28 Jun 2023
- 2023SciCap+: A Knowledge Augmented Dataset to Study the Challenges of Scientific Figure Captioning6 Jun 2023
- 2023ChartReader: A Unified Framework for Chart Derendering and Comprehension without Heuristic Rules5 Apr 2023
- 2022OCR-VQGAN: Taming Text-within-Image Generation19 Oct 2022
- 2022OpenCQA: Open-ended Question Answering with Charts12 Oct 2022
- 2022Chart-to-Text: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Chart Summarization12 Mar 2022
- 2021SciCap: Generating Captions for Scientific Figures22 Oct 2021
- 2021Accessible Visualization via Natural Language Descriptions: A Four-Level Model of Semantic Content8 Oct 2021
- 2021Truth-Conditional Captioning of Time Series Data5 Oct 2021
- 2024Multimodal ArXiv: A Dataset for Improving Scientific Comprehension of Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 138
- 2024GRAB: A Challenging GRaph Analysis Benchmark for Large Multimodal Modelscited by 3
- 2026GENFIG1: Visual Summaries of Scholarly Work as a Challenge for Vision-Language Modelscited by 2
- 2026ChartFI: Benchmarking Faithfulness and Insightfulness of Chart Descriptions from Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 2
- 2026ChartFI: Benchmarking Faithfulness and Insightfulness of Chart Descriptions from Multimodal Large Language Models22 May 2026
- 2026GENFIG1: Visual Summaries of Scholarly Work as a Challenge for Vision-Language Models5 Apr 2026
- 2024GRAB: A Challenging GRaph Analysis Benchmark for Large Multimodal Models21 Aug 2024
- 2024Multimodal ArXiv: A Dataset for Improving Scientific Comprehension of Large Vision-Language Models1 Mar 2024
- 2022Chart-to-Text: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Chart Summarizationcited by 166
- 2023VisText: A Benchmark for Semantically Rich Chart Captioningcited by 111
- 2021SciCap: Generating Captions for Scientific Figurescited by 76
- 2023AutomaTikZ: Text-Guided Synthesis of Scientific Vector Graphics with TikZcited by 74
- 2022OpenCQA: Open-ended Question Answering with Chartscited by 60
- 2024From Pixels to Insights: A Survey on Automatic Chart Understanding in the Era of Large Foundation Modelscited by 52
- 2021Accessible Visualization via Natural Language Descriptions: A Four-Level Model of Semantic Contentcited by 38
- 2022OCR-VQGAN: Taming Text-within-Image Generationcited by 31
- 2023ChartReader: A Unified Framework for Chart Derendering and Comprehension without Heuristic Rulescited by 24
- 2023SciCap+: A Knowledge Augmented Dataset to Study the Challenges of Scientific Figure Captioningcited by 24
- 2023PatFig: Generating Short and Long Captions for Patent Figurescited by 12
- 2021Truth-Conditional Captioning of Time Series Datacited by 11
12 most cited of 16 All 16 (JSON)
- 2026Text2Arch: A Dataset for Generating Scientific Architecture Diagrams from Natural Language Descriptions16 Apr 2026
- 2025TADACap: Time-series Adaptive Domain-Aware Captioning15 Apr 2025
- 2024Natural Language Generation for Visualizations: State of the Art, Challenges and Future Directions29 Sep 2024
- 2024Enhancing Scientific Figure Captioning Through Cross-modal Learning24 Jun 2024
- 2024From Pixels to Insights: A Survey on Automatic Chart Understanding in the Era of Large Foundation Models18 Mar 2024
- 2023AutomaTikZ: Text-Guided Synthesis of Scientific Vector Graphics with TikZ30 Sep 2023
- 2023PatFig: Generating Short and Long Captions for Patent Figures15 Sep 2023
- 2023VisText: A Benchmark for Semantically Rich Chart Captioning28 Jun 2023
- 2023SciCap+: A Knowledge Augmented Dataset to Study the Challenges of Scientific Figure Captioning6 Jun 2023
- 2023ChartReader: A Unified Framework for Chart Derendering and Comprehension without Heuristic Rules5 Apr 2023
- 2022OCR-VQGAN: Taming Text-within-Image Generation19 Oct 2022
- 2022OpenCQA: Open-ended Question Answering with Charts12 Oct 2022
12 newest of 16 All 16 (JSON)