mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Deep Unlearning via Randomized Conditionally Independent Hessians

arXiv 2204.07655 ↗First posted 15 Apr 2022cs.CV cs.LGcited by 83

On the map: LLM safety and security → Machine unlearning

Abstract (arXiv)

Recent legislation has led to interest in machine unlearning, i.e., removing specific training samples from a predictive model as if they never existed in the training dataset. Unlearning may also be required due to corrupted/adversarial data or simply a user's updated privacy requirement. For models which require no training (k-NN), simply deleting the closest original sample can be effective. But this idea is inapplicable to models which learn richer representations. Recent ideas leveraging optimization-based updates scale poorly with the model dimension d, due to inverting the Hessian of the loss function. We use a variant of a new conditional independence coefficient, L-CODEC, to identify a subset of the model parameters with the most semantic overlap on an individual sample level. Our approach completely avoids the need to invert a (possibly) huge matrix. By utilizing a Markov blanket selection, we premise that L-CODEC is also suitable for deep unlearning, as well as other applications in vision. Compared to alternatives, L-CODEC makes approximate unlearning possible in settings that would otherwise be infeasible, including vision models used for face recognition, person re-identification and NLP models that may require unlearning samples identified for exclusion. Code can be found at https://github.com/vsingh-group/LCODEC-deep-unlearning/

Key facts. Cited by 83 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Machine unlearning, one of 12 directions in LLM safety and security. Builds on 26 of its 46 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 15 Apr 2022.

Builds on

26 of 46 references.

Closest ancestors · 1

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2021Remember What You Want to Forget: Algorithms for Machine Unlearning4 Mar

Other references · 25

  1. 2019DistilBERT, a distilled version of BERT: smaller, faster, cheaper and lightercited by 4,243
  2. 2019Machine Unlearningcited by 1,020
  3. 2018The Secret Sharer: Evaluating and Testing Unintended Memorization in Neural Networkscited by 847
  4. 2015Optimizing Neural Networks with Kronecker-factored Approximate Curvaturecited by 776
  5. 2017Network Dissection: Quantifying Interpretability of Deep Visual Representationscited by 703
  6. 2019Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Net: Selective Forgetting in Deep Networkscited by 599
  7. 2019Certified Data Removal from Machine Learning Modelscited by 512
  8. 2017Person Transfer GAN to Bridge Domain Gap for Person Re-Identificationcited by 479
  9. 2019Making AI Forget You: Data Deletion in Machine Learningcited by 447
  10. 2020Descent-to-Delete: Gradient-Based Methods for Machine Unlearningcited by 303
  11. 2019Omni-Scale Feature Learning for Person Re-Identificationcited by 292
  12. 2019Efficient and Accurate Estimation of Lipschitz Constants for Deep Neural Networkscited by 290
13 more
  1. 2020Approximate Data Deletion from Machine Learning Modelscited by 250
  2. 2020Influence Functions in Deep Learning Are Fragilecited by 247
  3. 2019SGD: General Analysis and Improved Ratescited by 206
  4. 2020Forgetting Outside the Box: Scrubbing Deep Networks of Information Accessible from Input-Output Observationscited by 171
  5. 2020Mixed-Privacy Forgetting in Deep Networkscited by 158
  6. 2018Net2Vec: Quantifying and Explaining how Concepts are Encoded by Filters in Deep Neural Networkscited by 128
  7. 2019A Unified Theory of SGD: Variance Reduction, Sampling, Quantization and Coordinate Descentcited by 84
  8. 2019A simple measure of conditional dependencecited by 38
  9. 2020Fractional Underdamped Langevin Dynamics: Retargeting SGD with Momentum under Heavy-Tailed Gradient Noisecited by 33
  10. 2017The Approximate Duality Gap Technique: A Unified Theory of First-Order Methodscited by 27
  11. 2020Is Private Learning Possible with Instance Encoding?cited by 22
  12. 2021You Only Sample (Almost) Once: Linear Cost Self-Attention Via Bernoulli Samplingcited by 17
  13. 2019Convergence Analysis of Inexact Randomized Iterative Methodscited by 8

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 4; 2023: 16; 2024: 34; 2025: 20; 2026: 9.

83 papers.

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  1. 2022Knowledge Unlearning for Mitigating Privacy Risks in Language Modelscited by 424
  2. 2022A Survey of Machine Unlearningcited by 298
  3. 2023Fast Machine Unlearning Without Retraining Through Selective Synaptic Dampeningcited by 177
  4. 2023Boundary Unlearningcited by 132
  5. 2023KGA: A General Machine Unlearning Framework Based on Knowledge Gap Alignmentcited by 94
  6. 2023Machine Unlearning: Solutions and Challengescited by 85
  7. 2023Learning to Unlearn: Instance-wise Unlearning for Pre-trained Classifierscited by 66
  8. 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Forgetting in Deep Learning Beyond Continual Learningcited by 66
  9. 2024Erasing Undesirable Influence in Diffusion Modelscited by 52
  10. 2024Scissorhands: Scrub Data Influence via Connection Sensitivity in Networkscited by 50
  11. 2023Exploring the Landscape of Machine Unlearning: A Comprehensive Survey and Taxonomycited by 44
  12. 2023Learn to Unlearn for Deep Neural Networks: Minimizing Unlearning Interference with Gradient Projectioncited by 37
38 more
  1. 2024Towards Robust and Parameter-Efficient Knowledge Unlearning for LLMscited by 36
  2. 2022Privacy Adhering Machine Un-learning in NLPcited by 35
  3. 2024Machine Unlearning: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 33
  4. 2022Deep Regression Unlearningcited by 32
  5. 2023Certified Minimax Unlearning with Generalization Rates and Deletion Capacitycited by 29
  6. 2024Towards Certified Unlearning for Deep Neural Networkscited by 28
  7. 2024Editable Concept Bottleneck Modelscited by 22
  8. 2023MultiDelete for Multimodal Machine Unlearningcited by 20
  9. 2024Verification of Machine Unlearning is Fragilecited by 20
  10. 2024Generative Unlearning for Any Identitycited by 19
  11. 2024Learning to Unlearn for Robust Machine Unlearningcited by 19
  12. 2024Unlearning Traces the Influential Training Data of Language Modelscited by 18
  13. 2024Cross-Lingual Unlearning of Selective Knowledge in Multilingual Language Modelscited by 18
  14. 2024MUNBa: Machine Unlearning via Nash Bargainingcited by 17
  15. 2025LLM Unlearning with LLM Beliefscited by 17
  16. 2024Towards Efficient and Effective Unlearning of Large Language Models for Recommendationcited by 16
  17. 2024MU-Bench: A Multitask Multimodal Benchmark for Machine Unlearningcited by 16
  18. 2023ERASER: Machine Unlearning in MLaaS via an Inference Serving-Aware Approachcited by 15
  19. 2024An Information Theoretic Approach to Machine Unlearningcited by 15
  20. 2024Contrastive Unlearning: A Contrastive Approach to Machine Unlearningcited by 14
  21. 2023DUCK: Distance-based Unlearning via Centroid Kinematicscited by 13
  22. 2024Remaining-data-free Machine Unlearning by Suppressing Sample Contributioncited by 13
  23. 2024Towards Natural Machine Unlearningcited by 11
  24. 2025Towards Lifecycle Unlearning Commitment Management: Measuring Sample-level Unlearning Completenesscited by 11
  25. 2023Unlearning via Sparse Representationscited by 10
  26. 2026Machine Unlearning under Retain-Forget Entanglementcited by 10
  27. 2024Fast-FedUL: A Training-Free Federated Unlearning with Provable Skew Resiliencecited by 8
  28. 2025Towards Reliable Forgetting: A Survey on Machine Unlearning Verificationcited by 8
  29. 2023DeepClean: Machine Unlearning on the Cheap by Resetting Privacy Sensitive Weights using the Fisher Diagonalcited by 7
  30. 2024CaMU: Disentangling Causal Effects in Deep Model Unlearningcited by 7
  31. 2025FUNU: Boosting Machine Unlearning Efficiency by Filtering Unnecessary Unlearningcited by 7
  32. 2025Go Beyond Your Means: Unlearning with Per-Sample Gradient Orthogonalizationcited by 7
  33. 2023Class-wise Federated Unlearning: Harnessing Active Forgetting with Teacher-Student Memory Generationcited by 6
  34. 2023Recommendation Unlearning via Matrix Correctioncited by 6
  35. 2024Towards Lifecycle Unlearning Commitment Management: Measuring Sample-level Approximate Unlearning Completenesscited by 6
  36. 2024CURE4Rec: A Benchmark for Recommendation Unlearning with Deeper Influencecited by 6
  37. 2025Targeted Forgetting of Image Subgroups in CLIP Modelscited by 6
  38. 2025DUAL: Learning Diverse Kernels for Aggregated Two-sample and Independence Testingcited by 6

50 most cited of 83 All 83 (JSON)