DFNet: Enhance Absolute Pose Regression with Direct Feature Matching
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Abstract (arXiv)
We introduce a camera relocalization pipeline that combines absolute pose regression (APR) and direct feature matching. By incorporating exposure-adaptive novel view synthesis, our method successfully addresses photometric distortions in outdoor environments that existing photometric-based methods fail to handle. With domain-invariant feature matching, our solution improves pose regression accuracy using semi-supervised learning on unlabeled data. In particular, the pipeline consists of two components: Novel View Synthesizer and DFNet. The former synthesizes novel views compensating for changes in exposure and the latter regresses camera poses and extracts robust features that close the domain gap between real images and synthetic ones. Furthermore, we introduce an online synthetic data generation scheme. We show that these approaches effectively enhance camera pose estimation both in indoor and outdoor scenes. Hence, our method achieves a state-of-the-art accuracy by outperforming existing single-image APR methods by as much as 56%, comparable to 3D structure-based methods.
Key facts. Cited by 82 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 27 of its 37 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 1 Apr 2022.
Builds on
27 of 37 references.
References · 27
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- 2017Convolutional Sequence to Sequence Learningcited by 552
- 2020INeRF: Inverting Neural Radiance Fields for Pose Estimationcited by 382
- 2016DSAC - Differentiable RANSAC for Camera Localizationcited by 266
- 2017Geometric Loss Functions for Camera Pose Regression with Deep Learningcited by 224
- 2021Pixel-Perfect Structure-from-Motion with Featuremetric Refinementcited by 200
15 more
- 2021Back to the Feature: Learning Robust Camera Localization from Pixels to Posecited by 199
- 2020Visual Camera Re-Localization from RGB and RGB-D Images Using DSACcited by 176
- 2017Geometry-Aware Learning of Maps for Camera Localizationcited by 161
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- 2016Image-based localization using LSTMs for structured feature correlationcited by 136
- 2015Modelling Uncertainty in Deep Learning for Camera Relocalizationcited by 134
- 2021LENS: Localization enhanced by NeRF synthesiscited by 117
- 2021Learning Multi-Scene Absolute Pose Regression with Transformerscited by 108
- 2020Dual-Resolution Correspondence Networkscited by 90
- 2017Image-based Localization using Hourglass Networkscited by 63
- 2021Direct-PoseNet: Absolute Pose Regression with Photometric Consistencycited by 61
- 2018Deep Auxiliary Learning for Visual Localization and Odometrycited by 59
- 2021CoordiNet: uncertainty-aware pose regressor for reliable vehicle localizationcited by 34
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- 2021Paying Attention to Activation Maps in Camera Pose Regressioncited by 10
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 4; 2023: 10; 2024: 29; 2025: 23; 2026: 16.
82 papers.
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- 2024Reloc3r: Large-Scale Training of Relative Camera Pose Regression for Generalizable, Fast, and Accurate Visual Localizationcited by 82
- 2024Scene Coordinate Reconstruction: Posing of Image Collections via Incremental Learning of a Relocalizercited by 73
- 2023CROSSFIRE: Camera Relocalization On Self-Supervised Features from an Implicit Representationcited by 45
- 2024Map-Relative Pose Regression for Visual Re-Localizationcited by 42
- 2023Neural Refinement for Absolute Pose Regression with Feature Synthesiscited by 37
- 2024The NeRFect Match: Exploring NeRF Features for Visual Localizationcited by 32
- 2024GS-CPR: Efficient Camera Pose Refinement via 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 31
- 2023360Loc: A Dataset and Benchmark for Omnidirectional Visual Localization with Cross-device Queriescited by 30
- 2023NeRF-Loc: Visual Localization with Conditional Neural Radiance Fieldcited by 29
- 2023HSCNet++: Hierarchical Scene Coordinate Classification and Regression for Visual Localization with Transformercited by 26
- 2022When the Sun Goes Down: Repairing Photometric Losses for All-Day Depth Estimationcited by 24
- 2023PNeRFLoc: Visual Localization with Point-based Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 23
38 more
- 2024The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Pre-Trained Features for Camera Pose Refinementcited by 21
- 2022LATITUDE: Robotic Global Localization with Truncated Dynamic Low-pass Filter in City-scale NeRFcited by 17
- 2024HR-APR: APR-agnostic Framework with Uncertainty Estimation and Hierarchical Refinement for Camera Relocalisationcited by 16
- 2024NeRFs in Robotics: A Surveycited by 16
- 2024GSplatLoc: Grounding Keypoint Descriptors into 3D Gaussian Splatting for Improved Visual Localizationcited by 16
- 2025From Sparse to Dense: Camera Relocalization with Scene-Specific Detector from Feature Gaussian Splattingcited by 14
- 2024Towards Foundation Models for 3D Vision: How Close Are We?cited by 13
- 2023Leveraging Neural Radiance Fields for Uncertainty-Aware Visual Localizationcited by 12
- 2024Learning Neural Volumetric Pose Features for Camera Localizationcited by 11
- 2024Few-shot Novel View Synthesis using Depth Aware 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 10
- 2025LightLoc: Learning Outdoor LiDAR Localization at Light Speedcited by 10
- 2025Gaussian Splatting Feature Fields for Privacy-Preserving Visual Localizationcited by 10
- 2025A Guide to Structureless Visual Localizationcited by 9
- 2025ACE-G: Improving Generalization of Scene Coordinate Regression Through Query Pre-Trainingcited by 9
- 2022Improving Feature-based Visual Localization by Geometry-Aided Matchingcited by 8
- 2024HGSLoc: 3DGS-based Heuristic Camera Pose Refinementcited by 8
- 2025Scene-agnostic Pose Regression for Visual Localizationcited by 8
- 2024RDPN6D: Residual-based Dense Point-wise Network for 6Dof Object Pose Estimation Based on RGB-D Imagescited by 5
- 2024Self-supervised Learning of Neural Implicit Feature Fields for Camera Pose Refinementcited by 5
- 2024LoGS: Visual Localization via Gaussian Splatting with Fewer Training Imagescited by 5
- 2025GSVisLoc: Generalizable Visual Localization for Gaussian Splatting Scene Representationscited by 5
- 2025A Scene is Worth a Thousand Features: Feed-Forward Camera Localization from a Collection of Image Featurescited by 5
- 2025Reloc-VGGT: Visual Re-localization with Geometry Grounded Transformercited by 5
- 2026Video Understanding: From Geometry and Semantics to Unified Modelscited by 5
- 2024Learning Where to Look: Self-supervised Viewpoint Selection for Active Localization using Geometrical Informationcited by 4
- 2024LiteVLoc: Map-Lite Visual Localization for Image Goal Navigationcited by 4
- 2024Adversarial Exploitation of Data Diversity Improves Visual Localizationcited by 4
- 2022Fast and Lightweight Scene Regressor for Camera Relocalizationcited by 3
- 2023D2S: Representing sparse descriptors and 3D coordinates for camera relocalizationcited by 3
- 2025Can we make NeRF-based visual localization privacy-preserving?cited by 3
- 2026Marginalized Bundle Adjustment: Multi-View Camera Pose from Monocular Depth Estimatescited by 3
- 2024AIR-HLoc: Adaptive Retrieved Images Selection for Efficient Visual Localisationcited by 2
- 2024Conditional Variational Autoencoders for Probabilistic Pose Regressioncited by 2
- 2024NaVIP: An Image-Centric Indoor Navigation Solution for Visually Impaired Peoplecited by 2
- 2024Activating Self-Attention for Multi-Scene Absolute Pose Regressioncited by 2
- 2024ConDo: Continual Domain Expansion for Absolute Pose Regressioncited by 2
- 2025AlignDiff: Learning Physically-Grounded Camera Alignment via Diffusioncited by 2
- 2025ActLoc: Learning to Localize on the Move via Active Viewpoint Selectioncited by 2
50 most cited of 82 All 82 (JSON)
- 2026AutoCompass: Accurate Visual Localization on Public Maps by Learning from Weak Labels2 Sep 2026
- 2026LightLoc++: Sensor-Robust Representation Learning for Efficient Outdoor LiDAR Localization15 Aug 2026
- 2026GS-CPE: Unified 6-Degree-of-Freedom Camera Pose Estimation via 3D Gaussian Splatting11 Aug 2026
- 2026StructSplat: Generalizable 3D Gaussian Splatting from Uncalibrated Sparse Views26 Jun 2026
- 2026Learning 1-Bit LiDAR-based Localization with Auxiliary Objective26 Jun 2026
- 2026PoseCompass: Intelligent Synthetic Pose Selection for Visual Localization12 May 2026
- 2026Disambiguating 2D-3D Correspondences in Gaussian Splatting-based Feature Fields for Visual Localization8 May 2026
- 2026LEADER: Learning Reliable Local-to-Global Correspondences for LiDAR Relocalization13 Apr 2026
- 2026LSGS-Loc: Towards Robust 3DGS-Based Visual Localization for Large-Scale UAV Scenarios7 Apr 2026
- 2026InCaRPose: In-Cabin Relative Camera Pose Estimation Model and Dataset4 Apr 2026
- 2026Hierarchical Visual Relocalization with Nearest View Synthesis from Feature Gaussian Splatting31 Mar 2026
- 2026Video Understanding: From Geometry and Semantics to Unified Models18 Mar 2026
38 more
- 2026Rethinking Pose Refinement in 3D Gaussian Splatting under Pose Prior and Geometric Uncertainty17 Mar 2026
- 2026L3:Scene-agnostic Visual Localization in the Wild9 Mar 2026
- 2026Marginalized Bundle Adjustment: Multi-View Camera Pose from Monocular Depth Estimates21 Feb 2026
- 2026Research on a Camera Position Measurement Method based on a Parallel Perspective Error Transfer Model8 Feb 2026
- 2025Reloc-VGGT: Visual Re-localization with Geometry Grounded Transformer26 Dec 2025
- 2025YOWO: You Only Walk Once to Jointly Map An Indoor Scene and Register Ceiling-mounted Cameras20 Nov 2025
- 2025GRLoc: Geometric Representation Regression for Visual Localization17 Nov 2025
- 2025Scene Coordinate Reconstruction Priors14 Oct 2025
- 2025ACE-G: Improving Generalization of Scene Coordinate Regression Through Query Pre-Training13 Oct 2025
- 2025A Scene is Worth a Thousand Features: Feed-Forward Camera Localization from a Collection of Image Features1 Oct 2025
- 2025ActLoc: Learning to Localize on the Move via Active Viewpoint Selection28 Aug 2025
- 2025Can we make NeRF-based visual localization privacy-preserving?26 Aug 2025
- 2025GSVisLoc: Generalizable Visual Localization for Gaussian Splatting Scene Representations25 Aug 2025
- 2025Camera Pose Refinement via 3D Gaussian Splatting25 Aug 2025
- 2025Relative Pose Regression with Pose Auto-Encoders: Enhancing Accuracy and Data Efficiency for Retail Applications12 Aug 2025
- 2025Gaussian Splatting Feature Fields for Privacy-Preserving Visual Localization31 Jul 2025
- 2025Hi^2-GSLoc: Dual-Hierarchical Gaussian-Specific Visual Relocalization for Remote Sensing21 Jul 2025
- 2025SGLoc: Semantic Localization System for Camera Pose Estimation from 3D Gaussian Splatting Representation16 Jul 2025
- 2025Robust Visual Localization via Semantic-Guided Multi-Scale Transformer10 Jun 2025
- 2025A Guide to Structureless Visual Localization24 Apr 2025
- 2025HAL-NeRF: High Accuracy Localization Leveraging Neural Radiance Fields11 Apr 2025
- 2025Quantifying Epistemic Uncertainty in Absolute Pose Regression9 Apr 2025
- 2025AlignDiff: Learning Physically-Grounded Camera Alignment via Diffusion27 Mar 2025
- 2025UGNA-VPR: A Novel Training Paradigm for Visual Place Recognition Based on Uncertainty-Guided NeRF Augmentation27 Mar 2025
- 2025Scene-agnostic Pose Regression for Visual Localization25 Mar 2025
- 2025From Sparse to Dense: Camera Relocalization with Scene-Specific Detector from Feature Gaussian Splatting25 Mar 2025
- 2025LightLoc: Learning Outdoor LiDAR Localization at Light Speed22 Mar 2025
- 2024ConDo: Continual Domain Expansion for Absolute Pose Regression18 Dec 2024
- 2024Reloc3r: Large-Scale Training of Relative Camera Pose Regression for Generalizable, Fast, and Accurate Visual Localization11 Dec 2024
- 2024Adversarial Exploitation of Data Diversity Improves Visual Localization28 Nov 2024
- 2024Activating Self-Attention for Multi-Scene Absolute Pose Regression3 Nov 2024
- 2024LoGS: Visual Localization via Gaussian Splatting with Fewer Training Images15 Oct 2024
- 2024Few-shot Novel View Synthesis using Depth Aware 3D Gaussian Splatting14 Oct 2024
- 2024Towards Foundation Models for 3D Vision: How Close Are We?14 Oct 2024
- 2024NaVIP: An Image-Centric Indoor Navigation Solution for Visually Impaired People8 Oct 2024
- 2024Conditional Variational Autoencoders for Probabilistic Pose Regression7 Oct 2024
- 2024LiteVLoc: Map-Lite Visual Localization for Image Goal Navigation6 Oct 2024
- 2024GSplatLoc: Grounding Keypoint Descriptors into 3D Gaussian Splatting for Improved Visual Localization24 Sep 2024
50 newest of 82 All 82 (JSON)
- 2024Reloc3r: Large-Scale Training of Relative Camera Pose Regression for Generalizable, Fast, and Accurate Visual Localizationcited by 82
- 2024Scene Coordinate Reconstruction: Posing of Image Collections via Incremental Learning of a Relocalizercited by 73
- 2023CROSSFIRE: Camera Relocalization On Self-Supervised Features from an Implicit Representationcited by 45
- 2024Map-Relative Pose Regression for Visual Re-Localizationcited by 42
- 2023Neural Refinement for Absolute Pose Regression with Feature Synthesiscited by 37
- 2024The NeRFect Match: Exploring NeRF Features for Visual Localizationcited by 32
- 2024GS-CPR: Efficient Camera Pose Refinement via 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 31
- 2023360Loc: A Dataset and Benchmark for Omnidirectional Visual Localization with Cross-device Queriescited by 30
- 2023NeRF-Loc: Visual Localization with Conditional Neural Radiance Fieldcited by 29
- 2023HSCNet++: Hierarchical Scene Coordinate Classification and Regression for Visual Localization with Transformercited by 26
- 2022When the Sun Goes Down: Repairing Photometric Losses for All-Day Depth Estimationcited by 24
- 2023PNeRFLoc: Visual Localization with Point-based Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 23
12 most cited of 82 All 82 (JSON)
- 2026AutoCompass: Accurate Visual Localization on Public Maps by Learning from Weak Labels2 Sep 2026
- 2026LightLoc++: Sensor-Robust Representation Learning for Efficient Outdoor LiDAR Localization15 Aug 2026
- 2026GS-CPE: Unified 6-Degree-of-Freedom Camera Pose Estimation via 3D Gaussian Splatting11 Aug 2026
- 2026StructSplat: Generalizable 3D Gaussian Splatting from Uncalibrated Sparse Views26 Jun 2026
- 2026Learning 1-Bit LiDAR-based Localization with Auxiliary Objective26 Jun 2026
- 2026PoseCompass: Intelligent Synthetic Pose Selection for Visual Localization12 May 2026
- 2026Disambiguating 2D-3D Correspondences in Gaussian Splatting-based Feature Fields for Visual Localization8 May 2026
- 2026LEADER: Learning Reliable Local-to-Global Correspondences for LiDAR Relocalization13 Apr 2026
- 2026LSGS-Loc: Towards Robust 3DGS-Based Visual Localization for Large-Scale UAV Scenarios7 Apr 2026
- 2026InCaRPose: In-Cabin Relative Camera Pose Estimation Model and Dataset4 Apr 2026
- 2026Hierarchical Visual Relocalization with Nearest View Synthesis from Feature Gaussian Splatting31 Mar 2026
- 2026Video Understanding: From Geometry and Semantics to Unified Models18 Mar 2026
12 newest of 82 All 82 (JSON)