Learning Multi-Scene Absolute Pose Regression with Transformers
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Abstract (arXiv)
Absolute camera pose regressors estimate the position and orientation of a camera from the captured image alone. Typically, a convolutional backbone with a multi-layer perceptron head is trained with images and pose labels to embed a single reference scene at a time. Recently, this scheme was extended for learning multiple scenes by replacing the MLP head with a set of fully connected layers. In this work, we propose to learn multi-scene absolute camera pose regression with Transformers, where encoders are used to aggregate activation maps with self-attention and decoders transform latent features and scenes encoding into candidate pose predictions. This mechanism allows our model to focus on general features that are informative for localization while embedding multiple scenes in parallel. We evaluate our method on commonly benchmarked indoor and outdoor datasets and show that it surpasses both multi-scene and state-of-the-art single-scene absolute pose regressors. We make our code publicly available from https://github.com/yolish/multi-scene-pose-transformer.
Key facts. Cited by 108 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 23 of its 37 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 21 Mar 2021.
Builds on
23 of 37 references.
References · 23
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- 2016DSAC - Differentiable RANSAC for Camera Localizationcited by 264
- 2016Large-Scale Image Retrieval with Attentive Deep Local Featurescited by 238
- 2017Geometric Loss Functions for Camera Pose Regression with Deep Learningcited by 224
- 2019Understanding the Limitations of CNN-based Absolute Camera Pose Regressioncited by 177
11 more
- 2017Geometry-Aware Learning of Maps for Camera Localizationcited by 161
- 2017Learning Less is More - 6D Camera Localization via 3D Surface Regressioncited by 146
- 2016Image-based localization using LSTMs for structured feature correlationcited by 136
- 2015Modelling Uncertainty in Deep Learning for Camera Relocalizationcited by 133
- 2019AtLoc: Attention Guided Camera Localizationcited by 92
- 2017Camera Relocalization by Computing Pairwise Relative Poses Using Convolutional Neural Networkcited by 79
- 2019Expert Sample Consensus Applied to Camera Re-Localizationcited by 70
- 2017Image-based Localization using Hourglass Networkscited by 63
- 2018VLocNet++: Deep Multitask Learning for Semantic Visual Localization and Odometrycited by 61
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- 2019Introduction to Camera Pose Estimation with Deep Learningcited by 25
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 12; 2023: 20; 2024: 36; 2025: 27; 2026: 13.
108 papers.
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- 2022Map-free Visual Relocalization: Metric Pose Relative to a Single Imagecited by 112
- 2023Accelerated Coordinate Encoding: Learning to Relocalize in Minutes using RGB and Posescited by 107
- 2023An Outlook into the Future of Egocentric Visioncited by 84
- 2022DFNet: Enhance Absolute Pose Regression with Direct Feature Matchingcited by 82
- 2024Reloc3r: Large-Scale Training of Relative Camera Pose Regression for Generalizable, Fast, and Accurate Visual Localizationcited by 81
- 2022ViewFormer: NeRF-free Neural Rendering from Few Images Using Transformerscited by 70
- 2022MeshLoc: Mesh-Based Visual Localizationcited by 62
- 2022Is Geometry Enough for Matching in Visual Localization?cited by 48
- 2024GLACE: Global Local Accelerated Coordinate Encodingcited by 48
- 2024Map-Relative Pose Regression for Visual Re-Localizationcited by 42
- 2023Neural Refinement for Absolute Pose Regression with Feature Synthesiscited by 37
- 2024The NeRFect Match: Exploring NeRF Features for Visual Localizationcited by 32
38 more
- 2024GS-CPR: Efficient Camera Pose Refinement via 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 31
- 2022Camera Pose Auto-Encoders for Improving Pose Regressioncited by 28
- 2023360Loc: A Dataset and Benchmark for Omnidirectional Visual Localization with Cross-device Queriescited by 28
- 2023HSCNet++: Hierarchical Scene Coordinate Classification and Regression for Visual Localization with Transformercited by 26
- 2024Matching 2D Images in 3D: Metric Relative Pose from Metric Correspondencescited by 25
- 2023HypLiLoc: Towards Effective LiDAR Pose Regression with Hyperbolic Fusioncited by 24
- 2024The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Pre-Trained Features for Camera Pose Refinementcited by 21
- 2023Visual Localization using Imperfect 3D Models from the Internetcited by 20
- 2025Challenges and Trends in Egocentric Vision: A Surveycited by 20
- 2022Leveraging Equivariant Features for Absolute Pose Regressioncited by 17
- 2023DGC-GNN: Leveraging Geometry and Color Cues for Visual Descriptor-Free 2D-3D Matchingcited by 17
- 2023FocusTune: Tuning Visual Localization through Focus-Guided Samplingcited by 16
- 2024HR-APR: APR-agnostic Framework with Uncertainty Estimation and Hierarchical Refinement for Camera Relocalisationcited by 16
- 2025R-SCoRe: Revisiting Scene Coordinate Regression for Robust Large-Scale Visual Localizationcited by 16
- 2024GSplatLoc: Grounding Keypoint Descriptors into 3D Gaussian Splatting for Improved Visual Localizationcited by 15
- 2022SC-wLS: Towards Interpretable Feed-forward Camera Re-localizationcited by 14
- 2023Deep Learning for Visual Localization and Mapping: A Surveycited by 14
- 2024A Versatile Framework for Multi-scene Person Re-identificationcited by 14
- 2024Towards Foundation Models for 3D Vision: How Close Are We?cited by 13
- 2023Coarse-to-Fine Multi-Scene Pose Regression with Transformerscited by 11
- 2024Learning Neural Volumetric Pose Features for Camera Localizationcited by 11
- 2025egoPPG: Heart Rate Estimation from Eye-Tracking Cameras in Egocentric Systems to Benefit Downstream Vision Taskscited by 11
- 2025LightLoc: Learning Outdoor LiDAR Localization at Light Speedcited by 10
- 2024Differentiable Product Quantization for Memory Efficient Camera Relocalizationcited by 9
- 2025A Guide to Structureless Visual Localizationcited by 9
- 2022Improving Feature-based Visual Localization by Geometry-Aided Matchingcited by 8
- 2024HGSLoc: 3DGS-based Heuristic Camera Pose Refinementcited by 8
- 2025Scene-agnostic Pose Regression for Visual Localizationcited by 8
- 2025ACE-G: Improving Generalization of Scene Coordinate Regression Through Query Pre-Trainingcited by 8
- 2024Obfuscation Based Privacy Preserving Representations are Recoverable Using Neighborhood Informationcited by 6
- 2023Fusing Structure from Motion and Simulation-Augmented Pose Regression from Optical Flow for Challenging Indoor Environmentscited by 5
- 2024Self-supervised Learning of Neural Implicit Feature Fields for Camera Pose Refinementcited by 5
- 2024LoGS: Visual Localization via Gaussian Splatting with Fewer Training Imagescited by 5
- 2025GSVisLoc: Generalizable Visual Localization for Gaussian Splatting Scene Representationscited by 5
- 2025Reloc-VGGT: Visual Re-localization with Geometry Grounded Transformercited by 5
- 2023TransFusionOdom: Interpretable Transformer-based LiDAR-Inertial Fusion Odometry Estimationcited by 4
- 2024Improved Scene Landmark Detection for Camera Localizationcited by 4
- 2024Learning Where to Look: Self-supervised Viewpoint Selection for Active Localization using Geometrical Informationcited by 4
50 most cited of 108 All 108 (JSON)
- 2026QuacamFM: Quaternion-Constrained Flow Matching for Camera Pose Estimation26 Sep 2026
- 2026NaCR: Visual Localization via NeRF-aided Camera Ray Regression22 Sep 2026
- 2026AutoCompass: Accurate Visual Localization on Public Maps by Learning from Weak Labels2 Sep 2026
- 2026GS-CPE: Unified 6-Degree-of-Freedom Camera Pose Estimation via 3D Gaussian Splatting11 Aug 2026
- 2026Accuracy potential of visual localization exploiting high-end street-level imagery27 Jul 2026
- 2026GeoMix: Descriptor-Free Visual Localization via Global Context and Multi-Detector Training2 Jul 2026
- 2026Compact Object-Level Representations with Open-Vocabulary Understanding for Indoor Visual Relocalization23 Jun 2026
- 2026PoseCompass: Intelligent Synthetic Pose Selection for Visual Localization12 May 2026
- 2026MultiLoc: Look Around As You Localize for Fast And Robust Visual Re-localization28 Mar 2026
- 2026MultiCam: On-the-fly Multi-Camera Pose Estimation Using Spatiotemporal Overlaps of Known Objects24 Mar 2026
- 2026Rethinking Pose Refinement in 3D Gaussian Splatting under Pose Prior and Geometric Uncertainty17 Mar 2026
- 2026L3:Scene-agnostic Visual Localization in the Wild9 Mar 2026
38 more
- 2026ImLoc: Revisiting Visual Localization with Image-based Representation7 Jan 2026
- 2025Reloc-VGGT: Visual Re-localization with Geometry Grounded Transformer26 Dec 2025
- 2025GRLoc: Geometric Representation Regression for Visual Localization17 Nov 2025
- 2025Visible Structure Retrieval for Lightweight Image-Based Relocalisation16 Nov 2025
- 2025Scene Coordinate Reconstruction Priors14 Oct 2025
- 2025ACE-G: Improving Generalization of Scene Coordinate Regression Through Query Pre-Training13 Oct 2025
- 2025A Scene is Worth a Thousand Features: Feed-Forward Camera Localization from a Collection of Image Features1 Oct 2025
- 2025ActLoc: Learning to Localize on the Move via Active Viewpoint Selection28 Aug 2025
- 2025GSVisLoc: Generalizable Visual Localization for Gaussian Splatting Scene Representations25 Aug 2025
- 2025Camera Pose Refinement via 3D Gaussian Splatting25 Aug 2025
- 2025Relative Pose Regression with Pose Auto-Encoders: Enhancing Accuracy and Data Efficiency for Retail Applications12 Aug 2025
- 2025Hi^2-GSLoc: Dual-Hierarchical Gaussian-Specific Visual Relocalization for Remote Sensing21 Jul 2025
- 2025SGLoc: Semantic Localization System for Camera Pose Estimation from 3D Gaussian Splatting Representation16 Jul 2025
- 2025MVL-Loc: Leveraging Vision-Language Model for Generalizable Multi-Scene Camera Relocalization6 Jul 2025
- 2025ThermalLoc: A Vision Transformer-Based Approach for Robust Thermal Camera Relocalization in Large-Scale Environments23 Jun 2025
- 2025APR-Transformer: Initial Pose Estimation for Localization in Complex Environments through Absolute Pose Regression14 May 2025
- 2025A Guide to Structureless Visual Localization24 Apr 2025
- 2025HAL-NeRF: High Accuracy Localization Leveraging Neural Radiance Fields11 Apr 2025
- 2025Quantifying Epistemic Uncertainty in Absolute Pose Regression9 Apr 2025
- 2025Scene-agnostic Pose Regression for Visual Localization25 Mar 2025
- 2025LightLoc: Learning Outdoor LiDAR Localization at Light Speed22 Mar 2025
- 2025Challenges and Trends in Egocentric Vision: A Survey19 Mar 2025
- 2025A-SCoRe: Attention-based Scene Coordinate Regression for wide-ranging scenarios18 Mar 2025
- 2025egoPPG: Heart Rate Estimation from Eye-Tracking Cameras in Egocentric Systems to Benefit Downstream Vision Tasks28 Feb 2025
- 2025A2-GNN: Angle-Annular GNN for Visual Descriptor-free Camera Relocalization27 Feb 2025
- 2025Correspondence-Free Pose Estimation with Patterns: A Unified Approach for Multi-Dimensional Vision26 Feb 2025
- 2025REMOTE: Real-time Ego-motion Tracking for Various Endoscopes via Multimodal Visual Feature Learning30 Jan 2025
- 2025R-SCoRe: Revisiting Scene Coordinate Regression for Robust Large-Scale Visual Localization2 Jan 2025
- 2024ConDo: Continual Domain Expansion for Absolute Pose Regression18 Dec 2024
- 2024Reloc3r: Large-Scale Training of Relative Camera Pose Regression for Generalizable, Fast, and Accurate Visual Localization11 Dec 2024
- 2024Adversarial Exploitation of Data Diversity Improves Visual Localization28 Nov 2024
- 2024Activating Self-Attention for Multi-Scene Absolute Pose Regression3 Nov 2024
- 2024Leveraging Spatial Attention and Edge Context for Optimized Feature Selection in Visual Localization16 Oct 2024
- 2024LoGS: Visual Localization via Gaussian Splatting with Fewer Training Images15 Oct 2024
- 2024Towards Foundation Models for 3D Vision: How Close Are We?14 Oct 2024
- 2024NaVIP: An Image-Centric Indoor Navigation Solution for Visually Impaired People8 Oct 2024
- 2024Conditional Variational Autoencoders for Probabilistic Pose Regression7 Oct 2024
- 2024LiteVLoc: Map-Lite Visual Localization for Image Goal Navigation6 Oct 2024
50 newest of 108 All 108 (JSON)
- 2022Map-free Visual Relocalization: Metric Pose Relative to a Single Imagecited by 112
- 2023Accelerated Coordinate Encoding: Learning to Relocalize in Minutes using RGB and Posescited by 107
- 2023An Outlook into the Future of Egocentric Visioncited by 84
- 2022DFNet: Enhance Absolute Pose Regression with Direct Feature Matchingcited by 82
- 2024Reloc3r: Large-Scale Training of Relative Camera Pose Regression for Generalizable, Fast, and Accurate Visual Localizationcited by 81
- 2022ViewFormer: NeRF-free Neural Rendering from Few Images Using Transformerscited by 70
- 2022MeshLoc: Mesh-Based Visual Localizationcited by 62
- 2022Is Geometry Enough for Matching in Visual Localization?cited by 48
- 2024GLACE: Global Local Accelerated Coordinate Encodingcited by 48
- 2024Map-Relative Pose Regression for Visual Re-Localizationcited by 42
- 2023Neural Refinement for Absolute Pose Regression with Feature Synthesiscited by 37
- 2024The NeRFect Match: Exploring NeRF Features for Visual Localizationcited by 32
12 most cited of 106 All 106 (JSON)
- 2026NaCR: Visual Localization via NeRF-aided Camera Ray Regression22 Sep 2026
- 2026AutoCompass: Accurate Visual Localization on Public Maps by Learning from Weak Labels2 Sep 2026
- 2026GS-CPE: Unified 6-Degree-of-Freedom Camera Pose Estimation via 3D Gaussian Splatting11 Aug 2026
- 2026Accuracy potential of visual localization exploiting high-end street-level imagery27 Jul 2026
- 2026GeoMix: Descriptor-Free Visual Localization via Global Context and Multi-Detector Training2 Jul 2026
- 2026Compact Object-Level Representations with Open-Vocabulary Understanding for Indoor Visual Relocalization23 Jun 2026
- 2026PoseCompass: Intelligent Synthetic Pose Selection for Visual Localization12 May 2026
- 2026MultiLoc: Look Around As You Localize for Fast And Robust Visual Re-localization28 Mar 2026
- 2026MultiCam: On-the-fly Multi-Camera Pose Estimation Using Spatiotemporal Overlaps of Known Objects24 Mar 2026
- 2026Rethinking Pose Refinement in 3D Gaussian Splatting under Pose Prior and Geometric Uncertainty17 Mar 2026
- 2026L3:Scene-agnostic Visual Localization in the Wild9 Mar 2026
- 2026ImLoc: Revisiting Visual Localization with Image-based Representation7 Jan 2026
12 newest of 106 All 106 (JSON)