CUGE: A Chinese Language Understanding and Generation Evaluation Benchmark
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Abstract (arXiv)
Realizing general-purpose language intelligence has been a longstanding goal for natural language processing, where standard evaluation benchmarks play a fundamental and guiding role. We argue that for general-purpose language intelligence evaluation, the benchmark itself needs to be comprehensive and systematic. To this end, we propose CUGE, a Chinese Language Understanding and Generation Evaluation benchmark with the following features: (1) Hierarchical benchmark framework, where datasets are principally selected and organized with a language capability-task-dataset hierarchy. (2) Multi-level scoring strategy, where different levels of model performance are provided based on the hierarchical framework. To facilitate CUGE, we provide a public leaderboard that can be customized to support flexible model judging criteria. Evaluation results on representative pre-trained language models indicate ample room for improvement towards general-purpose language intelligence. CUGE is publicly available at cuge.baai.ac.cn.
Key facts. Cited by 16 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 16 of its 34 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 27 Dec 2021.
Builds on
16 of 34 references.
References · 16
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
- 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,419
- 2019Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformercited by 14,599
- 2018GLUE: A Multi-Task Benchmark and Analysis Platform for Natural Language Understandingcited by 4,899
- 2020mT5: A massively multilingual pre-trained text-to-text transformercited by 1,818
- 2019SuperGLUE: A Stickier Benchmark for General-Purpose Language Understanding Systemscited by 1,729
- 2020CLUE: A Chinese Language Understanding Evaluation Benchmarkcited by 278
- 2019Investigating Prior Knowledge for Challenging Chinese Machine Reading Comprehensioncited by 81
- 2015LCSTS: A Large Scale Chinese Short Text Summarization Datasetcited by 65
- 2019NCLS: Neural Cross-Lingual Summarizationcited by 64
- 2019Long and Diverse Text Generation with Planning-based Hierarchical Variational Modelcited by 62
- 2020KdConv: A Chinese Multi-domain Dialogue Dataset Towards Multi-turn Knowledge-driven Conversationcited by 59
4 more
- 2021CPM-2: Large-scale Cost-effective Pre-trained Language Modelscited by 52
- 2020GLGE: A New General Language Generation Evaluation Benchmarkcited by 47
- 2019Multi-channel Reverse Dictionary Modelcited by 16
- 2021CCPM: A Chinese Classical Poetry Matching Datasetcited by 15
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 2; 2023: 5; 2024: 4; 2025: 5.
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- 2025Survey of NLU Benchmarks Diagnosing Linguistic Phenomena: Why not Standardize Diagnostics Benchmarks?27 Jul 2025
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- 2024LexSumm and LexT5: Benchmarking and Modeling Legal Summarization Tasks in English12 Oct 2024
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- 2023Dolphin: A Challenging and Diverse Benchmark for Arabic NLG24 May 2023
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- 2023WYWEB: A NLP Evaluation Benchmark For Classical Chinese23 May 2023
- 2023Chinese Open Instruction Generalist: A Preliminary Release17 Apr 2023
- 2022This is the way: designing and compiling LEPISZCZE, a comprehensive NLP benchmark for Polish23 Nov 2022
- 2022MuLD: The Multitask Long Document Benchmark15 Feb 2022
- 2023A Comprehensive Overview of Large Language Modelscited by 648
- 2024Understanding Emergent Abilities of Language Models from the Loss Perspectivecited by 94
- 2023Chinese Open Instruction Generalist: A Preliminary Releasecited by 35
- 2023Dolphin: A Challenging and Diverse Benchmark for Arabic NLGcited by 22
- 2022This is the way: designing and compiling LEPISZCZE, a comprehensive NLP benchmark for Polishcited by 13
- 2023WYWEB: A NLP Evaluation Benchmark For Classical Chinesecited by 12
- 2024CIF-Bench: A Chinese Instruction-Following Benchmark for Evaluating the Generalizability of Large Language Modelscited by 11
- 2025Where Are We? Evaluating LLM Performance on African Languagescited by 10
- 2022MuLD: The Multitask Long Document Benchmarkcited by 9
- 2024LexSumm and LexT5: Benchmarking and Modeling Legal Summarization Tasks in Englishcited by 8
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- 2024C3Bench: A Comprehensive Classical Chinese Understanding Benchmark for Large Language Modelscited by 3
12 most cited of 16 All 16 (JSON)
- 2025AncientBench: Towards Comprehensive Evaluation on Excavated and Transmitted Chinese Corpora19 Dec 2025
- 2025MoodBench 1.0: An Evaluation Benchmark for Emotional Companionship Dialogue Systems24 Nov 2025
- 2025InteChar: A Unified Oracle Bone Character List for Ancient Chinese Language Modeling12 Aug 2025
- 2025Survey of NLU Benchmarks Diagnosing Linguistic Phenomena: Why not Standardize Diagnostics Benchmarks?27 Jul 2025
- 2025Where Are We? Evaluating LLM Performance on African Languages26 Feb 2025
- 2024LexSumm and LexT5: Benchmarking and Modeling Legal Summarization Tasks in English12 Oct 2024
- 2024C3Bench: A Comprehensive Classical Chinese Understanding Benchmark for Large Language Models28 May 2024
- 2024Understanding Emergent Abilities of Language Models from the Loss Perspective23 Mar 2024
- 2024CIF-Bench: A Chinese Instruction-Following Benchmark for Evaluating the Generalizability of Large Language Models20 Feb 2024
- 2023ZhuJiu: A Multi-dimensional, Multi-faceted Chinese Benchmark for Large Language Models28 Aug 2023
- 2023A Comprehensive Overview of Large Language Models12 Jul 2023
- 2023Dolphin: A Challenging and Diverse Benchmark for Arabic NLG24 May 2023
12 newest of 16 All 16 (JSON)