GLGE: A New General Language Generation Evaluation Benchmark
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Abstract (arXiv)
Multi-task benchmarks such as GLUE and SuperGLUE have driven great progress of pretraining and transfer learning in Natural Language Processing (NLP). These benchmarks mostly focus on a range of Natural Language Understanding (NLU) tasks, without considering the Natural Language Generation (NLG) models. In this paper, we present the General Language Generation Evaluation (GLGE), a new multi-task benchmark for evaluating the generalization capabilities of NLG models across eight language generation tasks. For each task, we continue to design three subtasks in terms of task difficulty (GLGE-Easy, GLGE-Medium, and GLGE-Hard). This introduces 24 subtasks to comprehensively compare model performance. To encourage research on pretraining and transfer learning on NLG models, we make GLGE publicly available and build a leaderboard with strong baselines including MASS, BART, and ProphetNet (The source code and dataset are publicly available at https://github.com/microsoft/glge).
Key facts. Cited by 47 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 24 Nov 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 14; 2022: 16; 2023: 9; 2024: 4; 2025: 4.
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- 2021The GEM Benchmark: Natural Language Generation, its Evaluation and Metricscited by 239
- 2021AMMUS : A Survey of Transformer-based Pretrained Models in Natural Language Processingcited by 131
- 2022Pretrained Language Models for Text Generation: A Surveycited by 121
- 2023AR-Diffusion: Auto-Regressive Diffusion Model for Text Generationcited by 113
- 2022A Survey of Knowledge Enhanced Pre-trained Language Modelscited by 76
- 2021Compression, Transduction, and Creation: A Unified Framework for Evaluating Natural Language Generationcited by 60
- 2022BanglaNLG and BanglaT5: Benchmarks and Resources for Evaluating Low-Resource Natural Language Generation in Banglacited by 40
- 2021LOT: A Story-Centric Benchmark for Evaluating Chinese Long Text Understanding and Generationcited by 24
- 2023NorBench -- A Benchmark for Norwegian Language Modelscited by 23
- 2022Learning to Transfer Prompts for Text Generationcited by 22
- 2023Dolphin: A Challenging and Diverse Benchmark for Arabic NLGcited by 22
- 2023Diffusion-NAT: Self-Prompting Discrete Diffusion for Non-Autoregressive Text Generationcited by 21
35 more
- 2021Human Evaluation of Creative NLG Systems: An Interdisciplinary Survey on Recent Paperscited by 18
- 2021GEM: A General Evaluation Benchmark for Multimodal Taskscited by 16
- 2021CUGE: A Chinese Language Understanding and Generation Evaluation Benchmarkcited by 16
- 2022MVP: Multi-task Supervised Pre-training for Natural Language Generationcited by 16
- 2024IL-TUR: Benchmark for Indian Legal Text Understanding and Reasoningcited by 16
- 2021Bridging Subword Gaps in Pretrain-Finetune Paradigm for Natural Language Generationcited by 14
- 2022This is the way: designing and compiling LEPISZCZE, a comprehensive NLP benchmark for Polishcited by 13
- 2022ELMER: A Non-Autoregressive Pre-trained Language Model for Efficient and Effective Text Generationcited by 10
- 2022MuLD: The Multitask Long Document Benchmarkcited by 9
- 2023NoCoLA: The Norwegian Corpus of Linguistic Acceptabilitycited by 9
- 2023Directed Acyclic Transformer Pre-training for High-quality Non-autoregressive Text Generationcited by 8
- 2024Language Generation with Strictly Proper Scoring Rulescited by 8
- 2021Improving Non-autoregressive Generation with Mixup Trainingcited by 7
- 2024LexSumm and LexT5: Benchmarking and Modeling Legal Summarization Tasks in Englishcited by 7
- 2021EL-Attention: Memory Efficient Lossless Attention for Generationcited by 6
- 2023STORYWARS: A Dataset and Instruction Tuning Baselines for Collaborative Story Understanding and Generationcited by 5
- 2021Asking Questions Like Educational Experts: Automatically Generating Question-Answer Pairs on Real-World Examination Datacited by 4
- 2022Joint Generator-Ranker Learning for Natural Language Generationcited by 4
- 2022Collaborating Heterogeneous Natural Language Processing Tasks via Federated Learningcited by 4
- 2023Beyond MLE: Convex Learning for Text Generationcited by 4
- 2021Indian Legal NLP Benchmarks : A Surveycited by 3
- 2022TextBox 2.0: A Text Generation Library with Pre-trained Language Modelscited by 3
- 2025QFrCoLA: a Quebec-French Corpus of Linguistic Acceptability Judgmentscited by 2
- 2025QFrBLiMP: a Quebec-French Benchmark of Linguistic Minimal Pairscited by 2
- 2025Idiom Understanding as a Tool to Measure the Dialect Gapcited by 2
- 2022Variational Autoencoder with Disentanglement Priors for Low-Resource Task-Specific Natural Language Generationcited by 1
- 2022Near-Negative Distinction: Giving a Second Life to Human Evaluation Datasetscited by 1
- 2022Swing Distillation: A Privacy-Preserving Knowledge Distillation Frameworkcited by 1
- 2024VL-GLUE: A Suite of Fundamental yet Challenging Visuo-Linguistic Reasoning Taskscited by 1
- 2025Survey of NLU Benchmarks Diagnosing Linguistic Phenomena: Why not Standardize Diagnostics Benchmarks?cited by 1
- 2021Problems and Countermeasures in Natural Language Processing Evaluationcited by 0
- 2021Prediction, Selection, and Generation: Exploration of Knowledge-Driven Conversation Systemcited by 0
- 2022Draft, Command, and Edit: Controllable Text Editing in E-Commercecited by 0
- 2022P3LM: Probabilistically Permuted Prophet Language Modeling for Generative Pre-Trainingcited by 0
- 2023UT5: Pretraining Non autoregressive T5 with unrolled denoisingcited by 0
- 2025Idiom Understanding as a Tool to Measure the Dialect Gap6 Oct 2025
- 2025QFrBLiMP: a Quebec-French Benchmark of Linguistic Minimal Pairs30 Sep 2025
- 2025QFrCoLA: a Quebec-French Corpus of Linguistic Acceptability Judgments23 Aug 2025
- 2025Survey of NLU Benchmarks Diagnosing Linguistic Phenomena: Why not Standardize Diagnostics Benchmarks?27 Jul 2025
- 2024VL-GLUE: A Suite of Fundamental yet Challenging Visuo-Linguistic Reasoning Tasks17 Oct 2024
- 2024LexSumm and LexT5: Benchmarking and Modeling Legal Summarization Tasks in English12 Oct 2024
- 2024IL-TUR: Benchmark for Indian Legal Text Understanding and Reasoning7 Jul 2024
- 2024Language Generation with Strictly Proper Scoring Rules29 May 2024
- 2023UT5: Pretraining Non autoregressive T5 with unrolled denoising14 Nov 2023
- 2023Beyond MLE: Convex Learning for Text Generation26 Oct 2023
- 2023NoCoLA: The Norwegian Corpus of Linguistic Acceptability13 Jun 2023
- 2023Dolphin: A Challenging and Diverse Benchmark for Arabic NLG24 May 2023
35 more
- 2023AR-Diffusion: Auto-Regressive Diffusion Model for Text Generation16 May 2023
- 2023STORYWARS: A Dataset and Instruction Tuning Baselines for Collaborative Story Understanding and Generation14 May 2023
- 2023Diffusion-NAT: Self-Prompting Discrete Diffusion for Non-Autoregressive Text Generation6 May 2023
- 2023NorBench -- A Benchmark for Norwegian Language Models6 May 2023
- 2023Directed Acyclic Transformer Pre-training for High-quality Non-autoregressive Text Generation24 Apr 2023
- 2022TextBox 2.0: A Text Generation Library with Pre-trained Language Models26 Dec 2022
- 2022Swing Distillation: A Privacy-Preserving Knowledge Distillation Framework16 Dec 2022
- 2022Collaborating Heterogeneous Natural Language Processing Tasks via Federated Learning12 Dec 2022
- 2022This is the way: designing and compiling LEPISZCZE, a comprehensive NLP benchmark for Polish23 Nov 2022
- 2022A Survey of Knowledge Enhanced Pre-trained Language Models11 Nov 2022
- 2022ELMER: A Non-Autoregressive Pre-trained Language Model for Efficient and Effective Text Generation24 Oct 2022
- 2022P3LM: Probabilistically Permuted Prophet Language Modeling for Generative Pre-Training22 Oct 2022
- 2022Draft, Command, and Edit: Controllable Text Editing in E-Commerce11 Aug 2022
- 2022Joint Generator-Ranker Learning for Natural Language Generation28 Jun 2022
- 2022MVP: Multi-task Supervised Pre-training for Natural Language Generation24 Jun 2022
- 2022BanglaNLG and BanglaT5: Benchmarks and Resources for Evaluating Low-Resource Natural Language Generation in Bangla23 May 2022
- 2022Near-Negative Distinction: Giving a Second Life to Human Evaluation Datasets13 May 2022
- 2022Learning to Transfer Prompts for Text Generation3 May 2022
- 2022Variational Autoencoder with Disentanglement Priors for Low-Resource Task-Specific Natural Language Generation27 Feb 2022
- 2022MuLD: The Multitask Long Document Benchmark15 Feb 2022
- 2022Pretrained Language Models for Text Generation: A Survey14 Jan 2022
- 2021CUGE: A Chinese Language Understanding and Generation Evaluation Benchmark27 Dec 2021
- 2021Improving Non-autoregressive Generation with Mixup Training21 Oct 2021
- 2021Compression, Transduction, and Creation: A Unified Framework for Evaluating Natural Language Generation14 Sep 2021
- 2021Asking Questions Like Educational Experts: Automatically Generating Question-Answer Pairs on Real-World Examination Data11 Sep 2021
- 2021LOT: A Story-Centric Benchmark for Evaluating Chinese Long Text Understanding and Generation30 Aug 2021
- 2021AMMUS : A Survey of Transformer-based Pretrained Models in Natural Language Processing12 Aug 2021
- 2021Human Evaluation of Creative NLG Systems: An Interdisciplinary Survey on Recent Papers31 Jul 2021
- 2021Indian Legal NLP Benchmarks : A Survey13 Jul 2021
- 2021GEM: A General Evaluation Benchmark for Multimodal Tasks18 Jun 2021
- 2021Bridging Subword Gaps in Pretrain-Finetune Paradigm for Natural Language Generation11 Jun 2021
- 2021EL-Attention: Memory Efficient Lossless Attention for Generation11 May 2021
- 2021Prediction, Selection, and Generation: Exploration of Knowledge-Driven Conversation System23 Apr 2021
- 2021Problems and Countermeasures in Natural Language Processing Evaluation20 Apr 2021
- 2021The GEM Benchmark: Natural Language Generation, its Evaluation and Metrics2 Feb 2021
- 2021The GEM Benchmark: Natural Language Generation, its Evaluation and Metricscited by 239
- 2021AMMUS : A Survey of Transformer-based Pretrained Models in Natural Language Processingcited by 131
- 2022Pretrained Language Models for Text Generation: A Surveycited by 121
- 2022A Survey of Knowledge Enhanced Pre-trained Language Modelscited by 76
- 2021Compression, Transduction, and Creation: A Unified Framework for Evaluating Natural Language Generationcited by 60
- 2022BanglaNLG and BanglaT5: Benchmarks and Resources for Evaluating Low-Resource Natural Language Generation in Banglacited by 40
- 2021LOT: A Story-Centric Benchmark for Evaluating Chinese Long Text Understanding and Generationcited by 24
- 2023NorBench -- A Benchmark for Norwegian Language Modelscited by 23
- 2022Learning to Transfer Prompts for Text Generationcited by 22
- 2023Dolphin: A Challenging and Diverse Benchmark for Arabic NLGcited by 22
- 2021Human Evaluation of Creative NLG Systems: An Interdisciplinary Survey on Recent Paperscited by 18
- 2021GEM: A General Evaluation Benchmark for Multimodal Taskscited by 16
12 most cited of 42 All 42 (JSON)
- 2025Idiom Understanding as a Tool to Measure the Dialect Gap6 Oct 2025
- 2025QFrBLiMP: a Quebec-French Benchmark of Linguistic Minimal Pairs30 Sep 2025
- 2025QFrCoLA: a Quebec-French Corpus of Linguistic Acceptability Judgments23 Aug 2025
- 2025Survey of NLU Benchmarks Diagnosing Linguistic Phenomena: Why not Standardize Diagnostics Benchmarks?27 Jul 2025
- 2024LexSumm and LexT5: Benchmarking and Modeling Legal Summarization Tasks in English12 Oct 2024
- 2024Language Generation with Strictly Proper Scoring Rules29 May 2024
- 2023UT5: Pretraining Non autoregressive T5 with unrolled denoising14 Nov 2023
- 2023Beyond MLE: Convex Learning for Text Generation26 Oct 2023
- 2023NoCoLA: The Norwegian Corpus of Linguistic Acceptability13 Jun 2023
- 2023Dolphin: A Challenging and Diverse Benchmark for Arabic NLG24 May 2023
- 2023STORYWARS: A Dataset and Instruction Tuning Baselines for Collaborative Story Understanding and Generation14 May 2023
- 2023NorBench -- A Benchmark for Norwegian Language Models6 May 2023
12 newest of 42 All 42 (JSON)