mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Learning with Algorithmic Supervision via Continuous Relaxations

arXiv 2110.05651 ↗First posted 11 Oct 2021cs.LG stat.MLcited by 21

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

The integration of algorithmic components into neural architectures has gained increased attention recently, as it allows training neural networks with new forms of supervision such as ordering constraints or silhouettes instead of using ground truth labels. Many approaches in the field focus on the continuous relaxation of a specific task and show promising results in this context. But the focus on single tasks also limits the applicability of the proposed concepts to a narrow range of applications. In this work, we build on those ideas to propose an approach that allows to integrate algorithms into end-to-end trainable neural network architectures based on a general approximation of discrete conditions. To this end, we relax these conditions in control structures such as conditional statements, loops, and indexing, so that resulting algorithms are smoothly differentiable. To obtain meaningful gradients, each relevant variable is perturbed via logistic distributions and the expectation value under this perturbation is approximated. We evaluate the proposed continuous relaxation model on four challenging tasks and show that it can keep up with relaxations specifically designed for each individual task.

Key facts. Cited by 21 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 30 of its 41 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 Oct 2021.

Builds on

30 of 41 references.

References · 30

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 60,361
  2. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 37,240
  3. 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,305
  4. 2015You Only Look Once: Unified, Real-Time Object Detectioncited by 4,852
  5. 2014Neural Machine Translation by Jointly Learning to Align and Translatecited by 4,548
  6. 2015ShapeNet: An Information-Rich 3D Model Repositorycited by 2,897
  7. 2016Categorical Reparameterization with Gumbel-Softmaxcited by 2,739
  8. 2014Neural Turing Machinescited by 644
  9. 2017Neural 3D Mesh Renderercited by 437
  10. 2019Soft Rasterizer: A Differentiable Renderer for Image-based 3D Reasoningcited by 420
  11. 2017Soft-DTW: a Differentiable Loss Function for Time-Seriescited by 271
  12. 2019Differentiation of Blackbox Combinatorial Solverscited by 226
18 more
  1. 2019Learning to Predict 3D Objects with an Interpolation-based Differentiable Renderercited by 221
  2. 2017EMNIST: an extension of MNIST to handwritten letterscited by 213
  3. 2020Fast Differentiable Sorting and Rankingcited by 197
  4. 2018Learning Latent Permutations with Gumbel-Sinkhorn Networkscited by 175
  5. 2019Differentiable Ranks and Sorting using Optimal Transportcited by 113
  6. 2019Stochastic Optimization of Sorting Networks via Continuous Relaxationscited by 111
  7. 2016Perspective Transformer Nets: Learning Single-View 3D Object Reconstruction without 3D Supervisioncited by 106
  8. 2020Learning with Differentiable Perturbed Optimizerscited by 81
  9. 2020Gradient Estimation with Stochastic Softmax Trickscited by 67
  10. 2018Differentiable Dynamic Programming for Structured Prediction and Attentioncited by 58
  11. 2019Optimizing Rank-based Metrics with Blackbox Differentiationcited by 58
  12. 2017Neural Language Modeling by Jointly Learning Syntax and Lexiconcited by 57
  13. 2020Improving Local Identifiability in Probabilistic Box Embeddingscited by 35
  14. 2020Differentiable Divergences Between Time Seriescited by 28
  15. 2018Differentiable Perturb-and-Parse: Semi-Supervised Parsing with a Structured Variational Autoencodercited by 19
  16. 2019Pix2Vex: Image-to-Geometry Reconstruction using a Smooth Differentiable Renderercited by 18
  17. 2019A Fully Differentiable Beam Search Decodercited by 14
  18. 2015Task Loss Estimation for Sequence Predictioncited by 3

Built on by

Cited by year

Citing papers per year: 2022: 9; 2023: 4; 2024: 2; 2025: 6.

21 papers.

Sort:

By area:

  1. 2022Deep Differentiable Logic Gate Networkscited by 67
  2. 2022SIMPLE: A Gradient Estimator for k-Subset Samplingcited by 34
  3. 2022Monotonic Differentiable Sorting Networkscited by 25
  4. 2023Neural Probabilistic Logic Programming in Discrete-Continuous Domainscited by 25
  5. 2022Differentiable Top-k Classification Learningcited by 21
  6. 2023Learning by Sorting: Self-supervised Learning with Group Ordering Constraintscited by 13
  7. 2022GenDR: A Generalized Differentiable Renderercited by 12
  8. 2023Learning Differentiable Logic Programs for Abstract Visual Reasoningcited by 12
  9. 2022Knowledge-augmented Deep Learning and Its Applications: A Surveycited by 10
  10. 2025Building Intelligent Agents with Neuro-Symbolic Conceptscited by 10
  11. 2023Recursive Algorithmic Reasoningcited by 9
  12. 2025Self-Supervised Transformers as Iterative Solution Improvers for Constraint Satisfactioncited by 6
9 more
  1. 2022Neural Meta-Symbolic Reasoning and Learningcited by 4
  2. 2024Generalizing Stochastic Smoothing for Differentiation and Gradient Estimationcited by 4
  3. 2022The Tensor Data Platform: Towards an AI-centric Database Systemcited by 3
  4. 2025Efficient End-to-End Learning for Decision-Making: A Meta-Optimization Approachcited by 3
  5. 2024Newton Losses: Using Curvature Information for Learning with Differentiable Algorithmscited by 2
  6. 2025Quantitative Estimation of Target Task Performance from Unsupervised Pretext Task in Semi/Self-Supervised Learningcited by 2
  7. 2025Verification Learning: Make Unsupervised Neuro-Symbolic System Feasiblecited by 1
  8. 2022Learning to Rasterize Differentiablycited by 0
  9. 2025Constraints-Guided Diffusion Reasoner for Neuro-Symbolic Learningcited by 0