mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Generative Probabilistic Image Colorization

arXiv 2109.14518 ↗First posted 29 Sep 2021cs.CVcited by 2

On the map: Diffusion models → Image generation, text-to-image and editing

Abstract (arXiv)

We propose Generative Probabilistic Image Colorization, a diffusion-based generative process that trains a sequence of probabilistic models to reverse each step of noise corruption. Given a line-drawing image as input, our method suggests multiple candidate colorized images. Therefore, our method accounts for the ill-posed nature of the colorization problem. We conducted comprehensive experiments investigating the colorization of line-drawing images, report the influence of a score-based MCMC approach that corrects the marginal distribution of estimated samples, and further compare different combinations of models and the similarity of their generated images. Despite using only a relatively small training dataset, we experimentally develop a method to generate multiple diverse colorization candidates which avoids mode collapse and does not require any additional constraints, losses, or re-training with alternative training conditions. Our proposed approach performed well not only on color-conditional image generation tasks using biased initial values, but also on some practical image completion and inpainting tasks.

Key facts. Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Image generation, text-to-image and editing, one of 14 directions in Diffusion models. Builds on 26 of its 36 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 29 Sep 2021.

Builds on

26 of 36 references.

References · 26

  1. 2020Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 20,851
  2. 2015U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentationcited by 19,604
  3. 2018The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metriccited by 11,029
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  9. 2018Glow: Generative Flow with Invertible 1x1 Convolutionscited by 1,539
  10. 2014NICE: Non-linear Independent Components Estimationcited by 1,052
  11. 2018Multimodal Unsupervised Image-to-Image Translationcited by 795
  12. 2019On the Variance of the Adaptive Learning Rate and Beyondcited by 763
14 more
  1. 2017Masked Autoregressive Flow for Density Estimationcited by 680
  2. 2020WaveGrad: Estimating Gradients for Waveform Generationcited by 620
  3. 2019Lookahead Optimizer: k steps forward, 1 step backcited by 333
  4. 2017Toward Multimodal Image-to-Image Translationcited by 295
  5. 2020SRFlow: Learning the Super-Resolution Space with Normalizing Flowcited by 209
  6. 2019Mish: A Self Regularized Non-Monotonic Activation Functioncited by 141
  7. 2019Mode Seeking Generative Adversarial Networks for Diverse Image Synthesiscited by 138
  8. 2017Real-Time User-Guided Image Colorization with Learned Deep Priorscited by 123
  9. 2018Deep Exemplar-based Colorizationcited by 82
  10. 2016Scribbler: Controlling Deep Image Synthesis with Sketch and Colorcited by 77
  11. 2018User-Guided Deep Anime Line Art Colorization with Conditional Adversarial Networkscited by 32
  12. 2017Comicolorization: Semi-Automatic Manga Colorizationcited by 18
  13. 2020VoiceGrad: Non-Parallel Any-to-Many Voice Conversion with Annealed Langevin Dynamicscited by 14
  14. 2017Probabilistic Image Colorizationcited by 13

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Cited by year

Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 1.

2 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2023Diffusing Colors: Image Colorization with Text Guided Diffusion
  2. 2024ColorizeDiffusion: Adjustable Sketch Colorization with Reference Image and Text
  3. 2024Multimodal Semantic-Aware Automatic Colorization with Diffusion Prior
  4. 2023Improved Diffusion-based Image Colorization via Piggybacked Models
  5. 2023Image Inpainting via Tractable Steering of Diffusion Models
  6. 2025Color Alignment in Diffusion
  7. 2025Color Conditional Generation with Sliced Wasserstein Guidance
  8. 2023DiffColor: Toward High Fidelity Text-Guided Image Colorization with Diffusion Models