On Recognizing Occluded Faces in the Wild
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Abstract (arXiv)
Facial appearance variations due to occlusion has been one of the main challenges for face recognition systems. To facilitate further research in this area, it is necessary and important to have occluded face datasets collected from real-world, as synthetically generated occluded faces cannot represent the nature of the problem. In this paper, we present the Real World Occluded Faces (ROF) dataset, that contains faces with both upper face occlusion, due to sunglasses, and lower face occlusion, due to masks. We propose two evaluation protocols for this dataset. Benchmark experiments on the dataset have shown that no matter how powerful the deep face representation models are, their performance degrades significantly when they are tested on real-world occluded faces. It is observed that the performance drop is far less when the models are tested on synthetically generated occluded faces. The ROF dataset and the associated evaluation protocols are publicly available at the following link https://github.com/ekremerakin/RealWorldOccludedFaces.
Key facts. Cited by 15 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 16 of its 23 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 8 Sep 2021.
Builds on
16 of 23 references.
References · 16
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 52,096
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- 2018CosFace: Large Margin Cosine Loss for Deep Face Recognitioncited by 971
- 2017VGGFace2: A dataset for recognising faces across pose and agecited by 914
- 2016Joint Face Detection and Alignment using Multi-task Cascaded Convolutional Networkscited by 903
- 2017SphereFace: Deep Hypersphere Embedding for Face Recognitioncited by 737
- 2016MS-Celeb-1M: A Dataset and Benchmark for Large-Scale Face Recognitioncited by 624
- 2015The MegaFace Benchmark: 1 Million Faces for Recognition at Scalecited by 200
- 2018MobileFaceNets: Efficient CNNs for Accurate Real-Time Face Verification on Mobile Devicescited by 182
- 2019RetinaFace: Single-stage Dense Face Localisation in the Wildcited by 165
- 2020Masked Face Recognition for Secure Authenticationcited by 48
- 2020A survey of face recognition techniques under occlusioncited by 38
4 more
- 2016A Comprehensive Analysis of Deep Learning Based Representation for Face Recognitioncited by 23
- 2021MFR 2021: Masked Face Recognition Competitioncited by 23
- 2016How Image Degradations Affect Deep CNN-based Face Recognition?cited by 20
- 2017Strengths and Weaknesses of Deep Learning Models for Face Recognition Against Image Degradationscited by 19
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 3; 2023: 1; 2024: 6; 2025: 3; 2026: 1.
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- 2024How Good is ChatGPT at Face Biometrics? A First Look into Recognition, Soft Biometrics, and Explainabilitycited by 34
- 2023FRCSyn Challenge at WACV 2024:Face Recognition Challenge in the Era of Synthetic Datacited by 21
- 2024Second FRCSyn-onGoing: Winning Solutions and Post-Challenge Analysis to Improve Face Recognition with Synthetic Datacited by 13
- 2022Delving into High-Quality Synthetic Face Occlusion Segmentation Datasetscited by 11
- 2021Partial Attack Supervision and Regional Weighted Inference for Masked Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 10
- 2022OCFR 2022: Competition on Occluded Face Recognition From Synthetically Generated Structure-Aware Occlusionscited by 7
- 2022A Survey on Computer Vision based Human Analysis in the COVID-19 Eracited by 3
- 2024Impact of Sunglasses on One-to-Many Facial Identification Accuracycited by 3
- 2024Analyzing the Effect of Combined Degradations on Face Recognitioncited by 2
- 2024Latent Enhancing AutoEncoder for Occluded Image Classificationcited by 1
- 2024OFER: Occluded Face Expression Reconstructioncited by 0
- 2025Prototype Guided Backdoor Defensecited by 0
- 2026UniBioTransfer: A Unified Framework for Multiple Biometrics Transfer20 Mar 2026
- 2025A Comparative Study on Synthetic Facial Data Generation Techniques for Face Recognition5 Dec 2025
- 2025Designing and Generating Diverse, Equitable Face Image Datasets for Face Verification Tasks21 Nov 2025
- 2025Prototype Guided Backdoor Defense26 Mar 2025
- 2024Impact of Sunglasses on One-to-Many Facial Identification Accuracy7 Dec 2024
- 2024Second FRCSyn-onGoing: Winning Solutions and Post-Challenge Analysis to Improve Face Recognition with Synthetic Data2 Dec 2024
- 2024OFER: Occluded Face Expression Reconstruction29 Oct 2024
- 2024Analyzing the Effect of Combined Degradations on Face Recognition4 Jun 2024
- 2024Latent Enhancing AutoEncoder for Occluded Image Classification10 Feb 2024
- 2024How Good is ChatGPT at Face Biometrics? A First Look into Recognition, Soft Biometrics, and Explainability24 Jan 2024
- 2023FRCSyn Challenge at WACV 2024:Face Recognition Challenge in the Era of Synthetic Data17 Nov 2023
- 2022A Survey on Computer Vision based Human Analysis in the COVID-19 Era7 Nov 2022
3 more
- 2022OCFR 2022: Competition on Occluded Face Recognition From Synthetically Generated Structure-Aware Occlusions4 Aug 2022
- 2022Delving into High-Quality Synthetic Face Occlusion Segmentation Datasets12 May 2022
- 2021Partial Attack Supervision and Regional Weighted Inference for Masked Face Presentation Attack Detection8 Nov 2021
- 2024How Good is ChatGPT at Face Biometrics? A First Look into Recognition, Soft Biometrics, and Explainabilitycited by 34
- 2023FRCSyn Challenge at WACV 2024:Face Recognition Challenge in the Era of Synthetic Datacited by 21
- 2024Second FRCSyn-onGoing: Winning Solutions and Post-Challenge Analysis to Improve Face Recognition with Synthetic Datacited by 13
- 2022Delving into High-Quality Synthetic Face Occlusion Segmentation Datasetscited by 11
- 2021Partial Attack Supervision and Regional Weighted Inference for Masked Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 10
- 2022OCFR 2022: Competition on Occluded Face Recognition From Synthetically Generated Structure-Aware Occlusionscited by 7
- 2022A Survey on Computer Vision based Human Analysis in the COVID-19 Eracited by 3
- 2024Impact of Sunglasses on One-to-Many Facial Identification Accuracycited by 3
- 2024Analyzing the Effect of Combined Degradations on Face Recognitioncited by 2
- 2024Latent Enhancing AutoEncoder for Occluded Image Classificationcited by 1
- 2024OFER: Occluded Face Expression Reconstructioncited by 0
- 2025Prototype Guided Backdoor Defensecited by 0
12 most cited of 15 All 15 (JSON)
- 2026UniBioTransfer: A Unified Framework for Multiple Biometrics Transfer20 Mar 2026
- 2025A Comparative Study on Synthetic Facial Data Generation Techniques for Face Recognition5 Dec 2025
- 2025Designing and Generating Diverse, Equitable Face Image Datasets for Face Verification Tasks21 Nov 2025
- 2025Prototype Guided Backdoor Defense26 Mar 2025
- 2024Impact of Sunglasses on One-to-Many Facial Identification Accuracy7 Dec 2024
- 2024Second FRCSyn-onGoing: Winning Solutions and Post-Challenge Analysis to Improve Face Recognition with Synthetic Data2 Dec 2024
- 2024OFER: Occluded Face Expression Reconstruction29 Oct 2024
- 2024Analyzing the Effect of Combined Degradations on Face Recognition4 Jun 2024
- 2024Latent Enhancing AutoEncoder for Occluded Image Classification10 Feb 2024
- 2024How Good is ChatGPT at Face Biometrics? A First Look into Recognition, Soft Biometrics, and Explainability24 Jan 2024
- 2023FRCSyn Challenge at WACV 2024:Face Recognition Challenge in the Era of Synthetic Data17 Nov 2023
- 2022A Survey on Computer Vision based Human Analysis in the COVID-19 Era7 Nov 2022
12 newest of 15 All 15 (JSON)