mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

On Recognizing Occluded Faces in the Wild

arXiv 2109.03672 ↗First posted 8 Sep 2021cs.CVcited by 15

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

Facial appearance variations due to occlusion has been one of the main challenges for face recognition systems. To facilitate further research in this area, it is necessary and important to have occluded face datasets collected from real-world, as synthetically generated occluded faces cannot represent the nature of the problem. In this paper, we present the Real World Occluded Faces (ROF) dataset, that contains faces with both upper face occlusion, due to sunglasses, and lower face occlusion, due to masks. We propose two evaluation protocols for this dataset. Benchmark experiments on the dataset have shown that no matter how powerful the deep face representation models are, their performance degrades significantly when they are tested on real-world occluded faces. It is observed that the performance drop is far less when the models are tested on synthetically generated occluded faces. The ROF dataset and the associated evaluation protocols are publicly available at the following link https://github.com/ekremerakin/RealWorldOccludedFaces.

Key facts. Cited by 15 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 16 of its 23 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 8 Sep 2021.

Builds on

16 of 23 references.

References · 16

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 52,096
  2. 2016Grad-CAM: Visual Explanations from Deep Networks via Gradient-based Localizationcited by 6,733
  3. 2018CosFace: Large Margin Cosine Loss for Deep Face Recognitioncited by 971
  4. 2017VGGFace2: A dataset for recognising faces across pose and agecited by 914
  5. 2016Joint Face Detection and Alignment using Multi-task Cascaded Convolutional Networkscited by 903
  6. 2017SphereFace: Deep Hypersphere Embedding for Face Recognitioncited by 737
  7. 2016MS-Celeb-1M: A Dataset and Benchmark for Large-Scale Face Recognitioncited by 624
  8. 2015The MegaFace Benchmark: 1 Million Faces for Recognition at Scalecited by 200
  9. 2018MobileFaceNets: Efficient CNNs for Accurate Real-Time Face Verification on Mobile Devicescited by 182
  10. 2019RetinaFace: Single-stage Dense Face Localisation in the Wildcited by 165
  11. 2020Masked Face Recognition for Secure Authenticationcited by 48
  12. 2020A survey of face recognition techniques under occlusioncited by 38
4 more
  1. 2016A Comprehensive Analysis of Deep Learning Based Representation for Face Recognitioncited by 23
  2. 2021MFR 2021: Masked Face Recognition Competitioncited by 23
  3. 2016How Image Degradations Affect Deep CNN-based Face Recognition?cited by 20
  4. 2017Strengths and Weaknesses of Deep Learning Models for Face Recognition Against Image Degradationscited by 19

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 3; 2023: 1; 2024: 6; 2025: 3; 2026: 1.

15 papers.

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