On Training Instance Selection for Few-Shot Neural Text Generation
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Abstract (arXiv)
Large-scale pretrained language models have led to dramatic improvements in text generation. Impressive performance can be achieved by finetuning only on a small number of instances (few-shot setting). Nonetheless, almost all previous work simply applies random sampling to select the few-shot training instances. Little to no attention has been paid to the selection strategies and how they would affect model performance. In this work, we present a study on training instance selection in few-shot neural text generation. The selection decision is made based only on the unlabeled data so as to identify the most worthwhile data points that should be annotated under some budget of labeling cost. Based on the intuition that the few-shot training instances should be diverse and representative of the entire data distribution, we propose a simple selection strategy with K-means clustering. We show that even with the naive clustering-based approach, the generation models consistently outperform random sampling on three text generation tasks: data-to-text generation, document summarization and question generation. We hope that this work will call for more attention on this largely unexplored area.
Key facts. Cited by 25 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 21 of its 36 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 7 Jul 2021.
Builds on
21 of 36 references.
References · 21
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- 2016SQuAD: 100,000+ Questions for Machine Comprehension of Textcited by 4,115
- 2021Prefix-Tuning: Optimizing Continuous Prompts for Generationcited by 3,878
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- 2015Teaching Machines to Read and Comprehendcited by 1,039
- 2019Generalization through Memorization: Nearest Neighbor Language Modelscited by 788
- 2020It's Not Just Size That Matters: Small Language Models Are Also Few-Shot Learnerscited by 668
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9 more
- 2019Few-Shot NLG with Pre-Trained Language Modelcited by 52
- 2019Semantic Redundancies in Image-Classification Datasets: The 10% You Don't Needcited by 43
- 2021Does the Order of Training Samples Matter? Improving Neural Data-to-Text Generation with Curriculum Learningcited by 34
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- 2021Neural Data-to-Text Generation with LM-based Text Augmentationcited by 22
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 7; 2023: 7; 2024: 4; 2025: 6.
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- 2022A Survey on Legal Judgment Prediction: Datasets, Metrics, Models and Challengescited by 50
- 2022Generating Representative Samples for Few-Shot Classificationcited by 39
- 2023ConstitutionMaker: Interactively Critiquing Large Language Models by Converting Feedback into Principlescited by 33
- 2023ScatterShot: Interactive In-context Example Curation for Text Transformationcited by 20
- 2022Neural Pipeline for Zero-Shot Data-to-Text Generationcited by 19
- 2022Cold-Start Data Selection for Few-shot Language Model Fine-tuning: A Prompt-Based Uncertainty Propagation Approachcited by 16
- 2023A Survey on Stability of Learning with Limited Labelled Data and its Sensitivity to the Effects of Randomnesscited by 14
- 2023Towards Free Data Selection with General-Purpose Modelscited by 10
- 2025Active Few-Shot Learning for Text Classificationcited by 6
- 2022Attend, Memorize and Generate: Towards Faithful Table-to-Text Generation in Few Shotscited by 5
- 2022Decorate the Examples: A Simple Method of Prompt Design for Biomedical Relation Extractioncited by 5
- 2024A Systematic Review of Data-to-Text NLGcited by 4
13 more
- 2023Active Learning for Natural Language Generationcited by 3
- 2024In-Context Learning on a Budget: A Case Study in Token Classificationcited by 2
- 2024Leveraging Encoder-only Large Language Models for Mobile App Review Feature Extractioncited by 2
- 2025DEUCE: Dual-diversity Enhancement and Uncertainty-awareness for Cold-start Active Learningcited by 2
- 2025YaleNLP @ PerAnsSumm 2025: Multi-Perspective Integration via Mixture-of-Agents for Enhanced Healthcare QA Summarizationcited by 2
- 2025PromptAL: Sample-Aware Dynamic Soft Prompts for Few-Shot Active Learningcited by 2
- 2022Self-training with Two-phase Self-augmentation for Few-shot Dialogue Generationcited by 1
- 2024What Makes Good Few-shot Examples for Vision-Language Models?cited by 1
- 2025Few-Shot Optimization for Sensor Data Using Large Language Models: A Case Study on Fatigue Detectioncited by 1
- 2021Reinforcement Learning for Few-Shot Text Generation Adaptationcited by 0
- 2023Revisiting Sample Size Determination in Natural Language Understandingcited by 0
- 2023AST-MHSA : Code Summarization using Multi-Head Self-Attentioncited by 0
- 2025Modeling Data Diversity for Joint Instance and Verbalizer Selection in Cold-Start Scenarioscited by 0
- 2025PromptAL: Sample-Aware Dynamic Soft Prompts for Few-Shot Active Learning22 Jul 2025
- 2025Modeling Data Diversity for Joint Instance and Verbalizer Selection in Cold-Start Scenarios1 Jul 2025
- 2025Few-Shot Optimization for Sensor Data Using Large Language Models: A Case Study on Fatigue Detection24 May 2025
- 2025YaleNLP @ PerAnsSumm 2025: Multi-Perspective Integration via Mixture-of-Agents for Enhanced Healthcare QA Summarization4 Apr 2025
- 2025Active Few-Shot Learning for Text Classification26 Feb 2025
- 2025DEUCE: Dual-diversity Enhancement and Uncertainty-awareness for Cold-start Active Learning1 Feb 2025
- 2024Leveraging Encoder-only Large Language Models for Mobile App Review Feature Extraction2 Aug 2024
- 2024In-Context Learning on a Budget: A Case Study in Token Classification19 Jun 2024
- 2024What Makes Good Few-shot Examples for Vision-Language Models?22 May 2024
- 2024A Systematic Review of Data-to-Text NLG13 Feb 2024
- 2023A Survey on Stability of Learning with Limited Labelled Data and its Sensitivity to the Effects of Randomness2 Dec 2023
- 2023ConstitutionMaker: Interactively Critiquing Large Language Models by Converting Feedback into Principles24 Oct 2023
13 more
- 2023Towards Free Data Selection with General-Purpose Models29 Sep 2023
- 2023AST-MHSA : Code Summarization using Multi-Head Self-Attention10 Aug 2023
- 2023Revisiting Sample Size Determination in Natural Language Understanding1 Jul 2023
- 2023Active Learning for Natural Language Generation24 May 2023
- 2023ScatterShot: Interactive In-context Example Curation for Text Transformation14 Feb 2023
- 2022Cold-Start Data Selection for Few-shot Language Model Fine-tuning: A Prompt-Based Uncertainty Propagation Approach15 Sep 2022
- 2022Self-training with Two-phase Self-augmentation for Few-shot Dialogue Generation19 May 2022
- 2022Generating Representative Samples for Few-Shot Classification5 May 2022
- 2022Decorate the Examples: A Simple Method of Prompt Design for Biomedical Relation Extraction21 Apr 2022
- 2022A Survey on Legal Judgment Prediction: Datasets, Metrics, Models and Challenges11 Apr 2022
- 2022Neural Pipeline for Zero-Shot Data-to-Text Generation30 Mar 2022
- 2022Attend, Memorize and Generate: Towards Faithful Table-to-Text Generation in Few Shots1 Mar 2022
- 2021Reinforcement Learning for Few-Shot Text Generation Adaptation22 Nov 2021
- 2022A Survey on Legal Judgment Prediction: Datasets, Metrics, Models and Challengescited by 50
- 2022Generating Representative Samples for Few-Shot Classificationcited by 39
- 2023ConstitutionMaker: Interactively Critiquing Large Language Models by Converting Feedback into Principlescited by 33
- 2023ScatterShot: Interactive In-context Example Curation for Text Transformationcited by 20
- 2022Neural Pipeline for Zero-Shot Data-to-Text Generationcited by 19
- 2022Cold-Start Data Selection for Few-shot Language Model Fine-tuning: A Prompt-Based Uncertainty Propagation Approachcited by 16
- 2023A Survey on Stability of Learning with Limited Labelled Data and its Sensitivity to the Effects of Randomnesscited by 14
- 2023Towards Free Data Selection with General-Purpose Modelscited by 10
- 2025Active Few-Shot Learning for Text Classificationcited by 6
- 2022Attend, Memorize and Generate: Towards Faithful Table-to-Text Generation in Few Shotscited by 5
- 2022Decorate the Examples: A Simple Method of Prompt Design for Biomedical Relation Extractioncited by 5
- 2024A Systematic Review of Data-to-Text NLGcited by 4
12 most cited of 23 All 23 (JSON)
- 2025PromptAL: Sample-Aware Dynamic Soft Prompts for Few-Shot Active Learning22 Jul 2025
- 2025Modeling Data Diversity for Joint Instance and Verbalizer Selection in Cold-Start Scenarios1 Jul 2025
- 2025Few-Shot Optimization for Sensor Data Using Large Language Models: A Case Study on Fatigue Detection24 May 2025
- 2025Active Few-Shot Learning for Text Classification26 Feb 2025
- 2025DEUCE: Dual-diversity Enhancement and Uncertainty-awareness for Cold-start Active Learning1 Feb 2025
- 2024Leveraging Encoder-only Large Language Models for Mobile App Review Feature Extraction2 Aug 2024
- 2024In-Context Learning on a Budget: A Case Study in Token Classification19 Jun 2024
- 2024A Systematic Review of Data-to-Text NLG13 Feb 2024
- 2023A Survey on Stability of Learning with Limited Labelled Data and its Sensitivity to the Effects of Randomness2 Dec 2023
- 2023ConstitutionMaker: Interactively Critiquing Large Language Models by Converting Feedback into Principles24 Oct 2023
- 2023Towards Free Data Selection with General-Purpose Models29 Sep 2023
- 2023AST-MHSA : Code Summarization using Multi-Head Self-Attention10 Aug 2023
12 newest of 23 All 23 (JSON)