VQMIVC: Vector Quantization and Mutual Information-Based Unsupervised Speech Representation Disentanglement for One-shot Voice Conversion
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Abstract (arXiv)
One-shot voice conversion (VC), which performs conversion across arbitrary speakers with only a single target-speaker utterance for reference, can be effectively achieved by speech representation disentanglement. Existing work generally ignores the correlation between different speech representations during training, which causes leakage of content information into the speaker representation and thus degrades VC performance. To alleviate this issue, we employ vector quantization (VQ) for content encoding and introduce mutual information (MI) as the correlation metric during training, to achieve proper disentanglement of content, speaker and pitch representations, by reducing their inter-dependencies in an unsupervised manner. Experimental results reflect the superiority of the proposed method in learning effective disentangled speech representations for retaining source linguistic content and intonation variations, while capturing target speaker characteristics. In doing so, the proposed approach achieves higher speech naturalness and speaker similarity than current state-of-the-art one-shot VC systems. Our code, pre-trained models and demo are available at https://github.com/Wendison/VQMIVC.
Key facts. Cited by 63 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 22 of its 38 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 18 Jun 2021.
Builds on
22 of 38 references.
References · 22
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
- 2018Representation Learning with Contrastive Predictive Codingcited by 7,662
- 2018MINE: Mutual Information Neural Estimationcited by 680
- 2019Parallel WaveGAN: A fast waveform generation model based on generative adversarial networks with multi-resolution spectrogramcited by 337
- 2019vq-wav2vec: Self-Supervised Learning of Discrete Speech Representationscited by 335
- 2020CLUB: A Contrastive Log-ratio Upper Bound of Mutual Informationcited by 233
- 2019AUTOVC: Zero-Shot Voice Style Transfer with Only Autoencoder Losscited by 189
- 2019Unsupervised speech representation learning using WaveNet autoencoderscited by 90
- 2020Unsupervised Speech Decomposition via Triple Information Bottleneckcited by 87
- 2019One-shot Voice Conversion by Separating Speaker and Content Representations with Instance Normalizationcited by 82
- 2018StarGAN-VC: Non-parallel many-to-many voice conversion with star generative adversarial networkscited by 78
- 2019Jasper: An End-to-End Convolutional Neural Acoustic Modelcited by 75
10 more
- 2020Vector-quantized neural networks for acoustic unit discovery in the ZeroSpeech 2020 challengecited by 55
- 2020AGAIN-VC: A One-shot Voice Conversion using Activation Guidance and Adaptive Instance Normalizationcited by 44
- 2017Voice Conversion from Unaligned Corpora using Variational Autoencoding Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 38
- 2020F0-consistent many-to-many non-parallel voice conversion via conditional autoencodercited by 35
- 2020VQVC+: One-Shot Voice Conversion by Vector Quantization and U-Net architecturecited by 34
- 2021Improving Zero-shot Voice Style Transfer via Disentangled Representation Learningcited by 32
- 2017Parallel-Data-Free Voice Conversion Using Cycle-Consistent Adversarial Networkscited by 30
- 2018Learning Speaker Representations with Mutual Informationcited by 26
- 2020Unsupervised Style and Content Separation by Minimizing Mutual Information for Speech Synthesiscited by 11
- 2020Intra-class variation reduction of speaker representation in disentanglement frameworkcited by 5
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 10; 2023: 12; 2024: 18; 2025: 11; 2026: 9.
63 papers.
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- 2021Diffusion-Based Voice Conversion with Fast Maximum Likelihood Sampling Schemecited by 99
- 2022FreeVC: Towards High-Quality Text-Free One-Shot Voice Conversioncited by 79
- 2023Voice Conversion With Just Nearest Neighborscited by 67
- 2022Face-Dubbing++: Lip-Synchronous, Voice Preserving Translation of Videoscited by 18
- 2024StreamVC: Real-Time Low-Latency Voice Conversioncited by 15
- 2022Speech Representation Disentanglement with Adversarial Mutual Information Learning for One-shot Voice Conversioncited by 14
- 2024StableVC: Style Controllable Zero-Shot Voice Conversion with Conditional Flow Matchingcited by 14
- 2024Convert and Speak: Zero-shot Accent Conversion with Minimum Supervisioncited by 11
- 2022Learning the Beauty in Songs: Neural Singing Voice Beautifiercited by 10
- 2022Disentangled Feature Learning for Real-Time Neural Speech Codingcited by 10
- 2023Phoneme Hallucinator: One-shot Voice Conversion via Set Expansioncited by 9
- 2024End-to-end streaming model for low-latency speech anonymizationcited by 9
38 more
- 2021Towards High-fidelity Singing Voice Conversion with Acoustic Reference and Contrastive Predictive Codingcited by 8
- 2022Content-Context Factorized Representations for Automated Speech Recognitioncited by 8
- 2023Face-Driven Zero-Shot Voice Conversion with Memory-based Face-Voice Alignmentcited by 8
- 2026The Third VoicePrivacy Challenge: Preserving Emotional Expressiveness and Linguistic Content in Voice Anonymizationcited by 8
- 2024VoiceShop: A Unified Speech-to-Speech Framework for Identity-Preserving Zero-Shot Voice Editingcited by 7
- 2024FastVoiceGrad: One-step Diffusion-Based Voice Conversion with Adversarial Conditional Diffusion Distillationcited by 7
- 2022VCVTS: Multi-speaker Video-to-Speech synthesis via cross-modal knowledge transfer from voice conversioncited by 6
- 2022Video-Guided Curriculum Learning for Spoken Video Groundingcited by 5
- 2024Imperceptible Rhythm Backdoor Attacks: Exploring Rhythm Transformation for Embedding Undetectable Vulnerabilities on Speech Recognitioncited by 5
- 2024Improving Pronunciation and Accent Conversion through Knowledge Distillation And Synthetic Ground-Truth from Native TTScited by 5
- 2025An Exhaustive Evaluation of TTS- and VC-based Data Augmentation for ASRcited by 5
- 2023PITS: Variational Pitch Inference without Fundamental Frequency for End-to-End Pitch-controllable TTScited by 4
- 2023Voice Conversion for Stuttered Speech, Instruments, Unseen Languages and Textually Described Voicescited by 4
- 2024Hear Your Face: Face-based voice conversion with F0 estimationcited by 4
- 2024Optimal Transport Maps are Good Voice Converterscited by 4
- 2025The First VoicePrivacy Attacker Challengecited by 4
- 2025Conan: A Chunkwise Online Network for Zero-Shot Adaptive Voice Conversioncited by 4
- 2026TVTSyn: Content-Synchronous Time-Varying Timbre for Streaming Voice Conversion and Anonymizationcited by 4
- 2022HiFi-VC: High Quality ASR-Based Voice Conversioncited by 3
- 2022A unified one-shot prosody and speaker conversion system with self-supervised discrete speech unitscited by 3
- 2023SLMGAN: Exploiting Speech Language Model Representations for Unsupervised Zero-Shot Voice Conversion in GANscited by 3
- 2023Reimagining Speech: A Scoping Review of Deep Learning-Powered Voice Conversioncited by 3
- 2024PSCodec: A Series of High-Fidelity Low-bitrate Neural Speech Codecs Leveraging Prompt Encoderscited by 3
- 2024Disentangling segmental and prosodic factors to non-native speech comprehensibilitycited by 3
- 2025Can Diffusion Models Disentangle? A Theoretical Perspectivecited by 3
- 2023ALO-VC: Any-to-any Low-latency One-shot Voice Conversioncited by 2
- 2023MixRep: Hidden Representation Mixup for Low-Resource Speech Recognitioncited by 2
- 2025Emotion Recognition and Generation: A Comprehensive Review of Face, Speech, and Text Modalitiescited by 2
- 2025Training-Free Voice Conversion with Factorized Optimal Transportcited by 2
- 2025FasterVoiceGrad: Faster One-step Diffusion-Based Voice Conversion with Adversarial Diffusion Conversion Distillationcited by 2
- 2026X-VC: Zero-shot Streaming Voice Conversion in Codec Spacecited by 2
- 2024Converting Anyone's Voice: End-to-End Expressive Voice Conversion with a Conditional Diffusion Modelcited by 1
- 2024Discrete Unit based Masking for Improving Disentanglement in Voice Conversioncited by 1
- 2024Takin-VC: Expressive Zero-Shot Voice Conversion via Adaptive Hybrid Content Encoding and Enhanced Timbre Modelingcited by 1
- 2025Streaming Non-Autoregressive Model for Accent Conversion and Pronunciation Improvementcited by 1
- 2026Residual Tokens Enhance Masked Autoencoders for Speech Modelingcited by 1
- 2021CycleFlow: Purify Information Factors by Cycle Losscited by 0
- 2023Automatic Tuning of Loss Trade-offs without Hyper-parameter Search in End-to-End Zero-Shot Speech Synthesiscited by 0
50 most cited of 63 All 63 (JSON)
- 2026A survey of AI-generated voices and their detection15 Aug 2026
- 2026Mixed-Precision Information Bottlenecks for On-Device Trait-State Disentanglement in Bipolar Agitation Detection4 May 2026
- 2026X-VC: Zero-shot Streaming Voice Conversion in Codec Space14 Apr 2026
- 2026DAST: A Dual-Stream Voice Anonymization Attacker with Staged Training13 Mar 2026
- 2026StyleStream: Real-Time Zero-Shot Voice Style Conversion23 Feb 2026
- 2026TVTSyn: Content-Synchronous Time-Varying Timbre for Streaming Voice Conversion and Anonymization10 Feb 2026
- 2026Residual Tokens Enhance Masked Autoencoders for Speech Modeling27 Jan 2026
- 2026The Third VoicePrivacy Challenge: Preserving Emotional Expressiveness and Linguistic Content in Voice Anonymization17 Jan 2026
- 2026VocalBridge: Latent Diffusion-Bridge Purification for Defeating Perturbation-Based Voiceprint Defenses5 Jan 2026
- 2025Speaker Style-Aware Phoneme Anchoring for Improved Cross-Lingual Speech Emotion Recognition19 Sep 2025
- 2025FasterVoiceGrad: Faster One-step Diffusion-Based Voice Conversion with Adversarial Diffusion Conversion Distillation25 Aug 2025
- 2025Conan: A Chunkwise Online Network for Zero-Shot Adaptive Voice Conversion19 Jul 2025
38 more
- 2025MuteSwap: Visual-informed Silent Video Identity Conversion1 Jul 2025
- 2025Streaming Non-Autoregressive Model for Accent Conversion and Pronunciation Improvement19 Jun 2025
- 2025Training-Free Voice Conversion with Factorized Optimal Transport11 Jun 2025
- 2025The First VoicePrivacy Attacker Challenge19 Apr 2025
- 2025USM-VC: Mitigating Timbre Leakage with Universal Semantic Mapping Residual Block for Voice Conversion11 Apr 2025
- 2025Can Diffusion Models Disentangle? A Theoretical Perspective31 Mar 2025
- 2025An Exhaustive Evaluation of TTS- and VC-based Data Augmentation for ASR11 Mar 2025
- 2025Emotion Recognition and Generation: A Comprehensive Review of Face, Speech, and Text Modalities2 Feb 2025
- 2024StableVC: Style Controllable Zero-Shot Voice Conversion with Conditional Flow Matching6 Dec 2024
- 2024Improving Pronunciation and Accent Conversion through Knowledge Distillation And Synthetic Ground-Truth from Native TTS19 Oct 2024
- 2024Optimal Transport Maps are Good Voice Converters17 Oct 2024
- 2024The First VoicePrivacy Attacker Challenge Evaluation Plan9 Oct 2024
- 2024Takin-VC: Expressive Zero-Shot Voice Conversion via Adaptive Hybrid Content Encoding and Enhanced Timbre Modeling2 Oct 2024
- 2024Quantitative Analysis of Audio-Visual Tasks: An Information-Theoretic Perspective29 Sep 2024
- 2024Discrete Unit based Masking for Improving Disentanglement in Voice Conversion17 Sep 2024
- 2024FastVoiceGrad: One-step Diffusion-Based Voice Conversion with Adversarial Conditional Diffusion Distillation3 Sep 2024
- 2024Pureformer-VC: Non-parallel One-Shot Voice Conversion with Pure Transformer Blocks and Triplet Discriminative Training3 Sep 2024
- 2024Disentangling segmental and prosodic factors to non-native speech comprehensibility20 Aug 2024
- 2024Convert and Speak: Zero-shot Accent Conversion with Minimum Supervision19 Aug 2024
- 2024Hear Your Face: Face-based voice conversion with F0 estimation19 Aug 2024
- 2024Imperceptible Rhythm Backdoor Attacks: Exploring Rhythm Transformation for Embedding Undetectable Vulnerabilities on Speech Recognition16 Jun 2024
- 2024End-to-end streaming model for low-latency speech anonymization13 Jun 2024
- 2024Converting Anyone's Voice: End-to-End Expressive Voice Conversion with a Conditional Diffusion Model2 May 2024
- 2024VoiceShop: A Unified Speech-to-Speech Framework for Identity-Preserving Zero-Shot Voice Editing10 Apr 2024
- 2024PSCodec: A Series of High-Fidelity Low-bitrate Neural Speech Codecs Leveraging Prompt Encoders3 Apr 2024
- 2024StreamVC: Real-Time Low-Latency Voice Conversion5 Jan 2024
- 2023Reimagining Speech: A Scoping Review of Deep Learning-Powered Voice Conversion14 Nov 2023
- 2023MixRep: Hidden Representation Mixup for Low-Resource Speech Recognition27 Oct 2023
- 2023Voice Conversion for Stuttered Speech, Instruments, Unseen Languages and Textually Described Voices12 Oct 2023
- 2023Face-Driven Zero-Shot Voice Conversion with Memory-based Face-Voice Alignment18 Sep 2023
- 2023Stylebook: Content-Dependent Speaking Style Modeling for Any-to-Any Voice Conversion using Only Speech Data6 Sep 2023
- 2023Phoneme Hallucinator: One-shot Voice Conversion via Set Expansion11 Aug 2023
- 2023SLMGAN: Exploiting Speech Language Model Representations for Unsupervised Zero-Shot Voice Conversion in GANs18 Jul 2023
- 2023Automatic Speech Disentanglement for Voice Conversion using Rank Module and Speech Augmentation21 Jun 2023
- 2023ALO-VC: Any-to-any Low-latency One-shot Voice Conversion1 Jun 2023
- 2023Voice Conversion With Just Nearest Neighbors30 May 2023
- 2023Automatic Tuning of Loss Trade-offs without Hyper-parameter Search in End-to-End Zero-Shot Speech Synthesis26 May 2023
- 2023PITS: Variational Pitch Inference without Fundamental Frequency for End-to-End Pitch-controllable TTS24 Feb 2023
50 newest of 63 All 63 (JSON)
- 2021Diffusion-Based Voice Conversion with Fast Maximum Likelihood Sampling Schemecited by 99
- 2024StableVC: Style Controllable Zero-Shot Voice Conversion with Conditional Flow Matchingcited by 14
- 2024FastVoiceGrad: One-step Diffusion-Based Voice Conversion with Adversarial Conditional Diffusion Distillationcited by 7
- 2025Can Diffusion Models Disentangle? A Theoretical Perspectivecited by 3
- 2025FasterVoiceGrad: Faster One-step Diffusion-Based Voice Conversion with Adversarial Diffusion Conversion Distillationcited by 2
- 2024Converting Anyone's Voice: End-to-End Expressive Voice Conversion with a Conditional Diffusion Modelcited by 1
- 2026VocalBridge: Latent Diffusion-Bridge Purification for Defeating Perturbation-Based Voiceprint Defensescited by 0
- 2026VocalBridge: Latent Diffusion-Bridge Purification for Defeating Perturbation-Based Voiceprint Defenses5 Jan 2026
- 2025FasterVoiceGrad: Faster One-step Diffusion-Based Voice Conversion with Adversarial Diffusion Conversion Distillation25 Aug 2025
- 2025Can Diffusion Models Disentangle? A Theoretical Perspective31 Mar 2025
- 2024StableVC: Style Controllable Zero-Shot Voice Conversion with Conditional Flow Matching6 Dec 2024
- 2024FastVoiceGrad: One-step Diffusion-Based Voice Conversion with Adversarial Conditional Diffusion Distillation3 Sep 2024
- 2024Converting Anyone's Voice: End-to-End Expressive Voice Conversion with a Conditional Diffusion Model2 May 2024
- 2021Diffusion-Based Voice Conversion with Fast Maximum Likelihood Sampling Scheme28 Sep 2021
- 2022FreeVC: Towards High-Quality Text-Free One-Shot Voice Conversioncited by 79
- 2023Voice Conversion With Just Nearest Neighborscited by 67
- 2022Face-Dubbing++: Lip-Synchronous, Voice Preserving Translation of Videoscited by 18
- 2024StreamVC: Real-Time Low-Latency Voice Conversioncited by 15
- 2022Speech Representation Disentanglement with Adversarial Mutual Information Learning for One-shot Voice Conversioncited by 14
- 2024Convert and Speak: Zero-shot Accent Conversion with Minimum Supervisioncited by 11
- 2022Learning the Beauty in Songs: Neural Singing Voice Beautifiercited by 10
- 2022Disentangled Feature Learning for Real-Time Neural Speech Codingcited by 10
- 2023Phoneme Hallucinator: One-shot Voice Conversion via Set Expansioncited by 9
- 2024End-to-end streaming model for low-latency speech anonymizationcited by 9
- 2021Towards High-fidelity Singing Voice Conversion with Acoustic Reference and Contrastive Predictive Codingcited by 8
- 2022Content-Context Factorized Representations for Automated Speech Recognitioncited by 8
12 most cited of 55 All 55 (JSON)
- 2026A survey of AI-generated voices and their detection15 Aug 2026
- 2026Mixed-Precision Information Bottlenecks for On-Device Trait-State Disentanglement in Bipolar Agitation Detection4 May 2026
- 2026X-VC: Zero-shot Streaming Voice Conversion in Codec Space14 Apr 2026
- 2026DAST: A Dual-Stream Voice Anonymization Attacker with Staged Training13 Mar 2026
- 2026StyleStream: Real-Time Zero-Shot Voice Style Conversion23 Feb 2026
- 2026TVTSyn: Content-Synchronous Time-Varying Timbre for Streaming Voice Conversion and Anonymization10 Feb 2026
- 2026Residual Tokens Enhance Masked Autoencoders for Speech Modeling27 Jan 2026
- 2026The Third VoicePrivacy Challenge: Preserving Emotional Expressiveness and Linguistic Content in Voice Anonymization17 Jan 2026
- 2025Speaker Style-Aware Phoneme Anchoring for Improved Cross-Lingual Speech Emotion Recognition19 Sep 2025
- 2025Conan: A Chunkwise Online Network for Zero-Shot Adaptive Voice Conversion19 Jul 2025
- 2025MuteSwap: Visual-informed Silent Video Identity Conversion1 Jul 2025
- 2025Streaming Non-Autoregressive Model for Accent Conversion and Pronunciation Improvement19 Jun 2025
12 newest of 55 All 55 (JSON)