Learning Intrusion Prevention Policies through Optimal Stopping
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
We study automated intrusion prevention using reinforcement learning. In a novel approach, we formulate the problem of intrusion prevention as an optimal stopping problem. This formulation allows us insight into the structure of the optimal policies, which turn out to be threshold based. Since the computation of the optimal defender policy using dynamic programming is not feasible for practical cases, we approximate the optimal policy through reinforcement learning in a simulation environment. To define the dynamics of the simulation, we emulate the target infrastructure and collect measurements. Our evaluations show that the learned policies are close to optimal and that they indeed can be expressed using thresholds.
Key facts. Cited by 11 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 9 of its 50 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 Jun 2021.
Builds on
9 of 50 references.
References · 9
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
- 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithmscited by 14,441
- 2015High-Dimensional Continuous Control Using Generalized Advantage Estimationcited by 1,916
- 2019Deep Reinforcement Learning for Cyber Securitycited by 92
- 2016Partially Observed Markov Decision Processes. Problem Sets and Internet Supplementcited by 34
- 2020Finding Effective Security Strategies through Reinforcement Learning and Self-Playcited by 32
- 2018Online Cyber-Attack Detection in Smart Grid: A Reinforcement Learning Approachcited by 14
- 2019Online Reinforcement Learning of Optimal Threshold Policies for Markov Decision Processescited by 7
- 2014A Supervisory Control Approach to Dynamic Cyber-Securitycited by 5
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 2; 2023: 6; 2024: 1; 2025: 1.
11 papers.
- 2023NASimEmu: Network Attack Simulator & Emulator for Training Agents Generalizing to Novel Scenarioscited by 20
- 2023Automated Cyber Defence: A Reviewcited by 19
- 2021Intrusion Prevention through Optimal Stoppingcited by 18
- 2023Inroads into Autonomous Network Defence using Explained Reinforcement Learningcited by 17
- 2023Learning Near-Optimal Intrusion Responses Against Dynamic Attackerscited by 13
- 2024Optimal Defender Strategies for CAGE-2 using Causal Modeling and Tree Searchcited by 12
- 2023Scalable Learning of Intrusion Responses through Recursive Decompositioncited by 8
- 2022Learning Security Strategies through Game Play and Optimal Stoppingcited by 5
- 2022A System for Interactive Examination of Learned Security Policiescited by 3
- 2023Training Automated Defense Strategies Using Graph-based Cyber Attack Simulationscited by 3
- 2025Learning Optimal Defender Strategies for CAGE-2 using a POMDP Modelcited by 3
- 2025Learning Optimal Defender Strategies for CAGE-2 using a POMDP Model8 Sep 2025
- 2024Optimal Defender Strategies for CAGE-2 using Causal Modeling and Tree Search12 Jul 2024
- 2023Scalable Learning of Intrusion Responses through Recursive Decomposition6 Sep 2023
- 2023Inroads into Autonomous Network Defence using Explained Reinforcement Learning15 Jun 2023
- 2023NASimEmu: Network Attack Simulator & Emulator for Training Agents Generalizing to Novel Scenarios26 May 2023
- 2023Training Automated Defense Strategies Using Graph-based Cyber Attack Simulations17 Apr 2023
- 2023Automated Cyber Defence: A Review8 Mar 2023
- 2023Learning Near-Optimal Intrusion Responses Against Dynamic Attackers11 Jan 2023
- 2022Learning Security Strategies through Game Play and Optimal Stopping29 May 2022
- 2022A System for Interactive Examination of Learned Security Policies3 Apr 2022
- 2021Intrusion Prevention through Optimal Stopping30 Oct 2021