mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Translation Quality Assessment: A Brief Survey on Manual and Automatic Methods

arXiv 2105.03311 ↗First posted 5 May 2021cs.CLcited by 23

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Abstract (arXiv)

To facilitate effective translation modeling and translation studies, one of the crucial questions to address is how to assess translation quality. From the perspectives of accuracy, reliability, repeatability and cost, translation quality assessment (TQA) itself is a rich and challenging task. In this work, we present a high-level and concise survey of TQA methods, including both manual judgement criteria and automated evaluation metrics, which we classify into further detailed sub-categories. We hope that this work will be an asset for both translation model researchers and quality assessment researchers. In addition, we hope that it will enable practitioners to quickly develop a better understanding of the conventional TQA field, and to find corresponding closely relevant evaluation solutions for their own needs. This work may also serve inspire further development of quality assessment and evaluation methodologies for other natural language processing (NLP) tasks in addition to machine translation (MT), such as automatic text summarization (ATS), natural language understanding (NLU) and natural language generation (NLG).

Key facts. Cited by 23 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 15 of its 147 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 5 May 2021.

Builds on

15 of 147 references.

References · 15

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
  2. 2014On the Properties of Neural Machine Translation: Encoder-Decoder Approachescited by 1,303
  3. 2019Cross-lingual Language Model Pretrainingcited by 1,088
  4. 2016Google's Multilingual Neural Machine Translation System: Enabling Zero-Shot Translationcited by 467
  5. 2021The GEM Benchmark: Natural Language Generation, its Evaluation and Metricscited by 239
  6. 2020Unsupervised Quality Estimation for Neural Machine Translationcited by 210
  7. 2021XTREME-R: Towards More Challenging and Nuanced Multilingual Evaluationcited by 167
  8. 2020Re-evaluating Evaluation in Text Summarizationcited by 144
  9. 2018Has Machine Translation Achieved Human Parity? A Case for Document-level Evaluationcited by 88
  10. 2020A Set of Recommendations for Assessing Human-Machine Parity in Language Translationcited by 34
  11. 2019Pairwise Neural Machine Translation Evaluationcited by 11
  12. 2021Chinese Character Decomposition for Neural MT with Multi-Word Expressionscited by 11
3 more
  1. 2017LEPOR: An Augmented Machine Translation Evaluation Metriccited by 6
  2. 2020MultiMWE: Building a Multi-lingual Multi-Word Expression (MWE) Parallel Corporacited by 6
  3. 2017Machine Translation Evaluation with Neural Networkscited by 2

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 7; 2023: 8; 2024: 2; 2025: 2; 2026: 1.

23 papers.

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  1. 2023Physician Detection of Clinical Harm in Machine Translation: Quality Estimation Aids in Reliance and Backtranslation Identifies Critical Errorscited by 22
  2. 2021HOPE: A Task-Oriented and Human-Centric Evaluation Framework Using Professional Post-Editing Towards More Effective MT Evaluationcited by 17
  3. 2021Measuring Uncertainty in Translation Quality Evaluation (TQE)cited by 16
  4. 2022Who Evaluates the Evaluators? On Automatic Metrics for Assessing AI-based Offensive Code Generatorscited by 10
  5. 2023Evaluating Task-oriented Dialogue Systems: A Systematic Review of Measures, Constructs and their Operationalisationscited by 9
  6. 2021cushLEPOR: customising hLEPOR metric using Optuna for higher agreement with human judgments or pre-trained language model LaBSEcited by 8
  7. 2023Investigating Large Language Models and Control Mechanisms to Improve Text Readability of Biomedical Abstractscited by 8
  8. 2023Neural Machine Translation of Clinical Text: An Empirical Investigation into Multilingual Pre-Trained Language Models and Transfer-Learningcited by 8
  9. 2025AskQE: Question Answering as Automatic Evaluation for Machine Translationcited by 7
  10. 2023Automating the Correctness Assessment of AI-generated Code for Security Contextscited by 6
  11. 2025Advancing Dialectal Arabic to Modern Standard Arabic Machine Translationcited by 6
  12. 2024Is Context Helpful for Chat Translation Evaluation?cited by 5
11 more
  1. 2022An Overview on Machine Translation Evaluationcited by 4
  2. 2023Enhancing Robustness of AI Offensive Code Generators via Data Augmentationcited by 3
  3. 2022Can NMT Understand Me? Towards Perturbation-based Evaluation of NMT Models for Code Generationcited by 2
  4. 2023Student's t-Distribution: On Measuring the Inter-Rater Reliability When the Observations are Scarcecited by 2
  5. 2022A new approach to calculating BERTScore for automatic assessment of translation qualitycited by 1
  6. 2022A Comprehensive Survey of Natural Language Generation Advances from the Perspective of Digital Deceptioncited by 1
  7. 2023Exploring the effectiveness of ChatGPT-based feedback compared with teacher feedback and self-feedback: Evidence from Chinese to English translationcited by 1
  8. 2024Large Language Models for Biomedical Text Simplification: Promising But Not There Yetcited by 1
  9. 2026RELISH: LLM REgression with a Latent Iterative State Headcited by 1
  10. 2022Can We Generate Shellcodes via Natural Language? An Empirical Studycited by 0
  11. 2022HilMeMe: A Human-in-the-Loop Machine Translation Evaluation Metric Looking into Multi-Word Expressionscited by 0