mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

FedGL: Federated Graph Learning Framework with Global Self-Supervision

arXiv 2105.03170 ↗First posted 7 May 2021cs.LG cs.AIcited by 34

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Abstract (arXiv)

Graph data are ubiquitous in the real world. Graph learning (GL) tries to mine and analyze graph data so that valuable information can be discovered. Existing GL methods are designed for centralized scenarios. However, in practical scenarios, graph data are usually distributed in different organizations, i.e., the curse of isolated data islands. To address this problem, we incorporate federated learning into GL and propose a general Federated Graph Learning framework FedGL, which is capable of obtaining a high-quality global graph model while protecting data privacy by discovering the global self-supervision information during the federated training. Concretely, we propose to upload the prediction results and node embeddings to the server for discovering the global pseudo label and global pseudo graph, which are distributed to each client to enrich the training labels and complement the graph structure respectively, thereby improving the quality of each local model. Moreover, the global self-supervision enables the information of each client to flow and share in a privacy-preserving manner, thus alleviating the heterogeneity and utilizing the complementarity of graph data among different clients. Finally, experimental results show that FedGL significantly outperforms baselines on four widely used graph datasets.

Key facts. Cited by 34 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 39 of its 67 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 7 May 2021.

Builds on

39 of 67 references.

References · 39

  1. 2016Semi-Supervised Classification with Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 11,361
  2. 2017Graph Attention Networkscited by 8,923
  3. 2016Communication-Efficient Learning of Deep Networks from Decentralized Datacited by 7,669
  4. 2017Inductive Representation Learning on Large Graphscited by 6,320
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  10. 2016Variational Graph Auto-Encoderscited by 1,382
  11. 2013Spectral Networks and Locally Connected Networks on Graphscited by 1,102
  12. 2016Revisiting Semi-Supervised Learning with Graph Embeddingscited by 976
27 more
  1. 2018Representation Learning on Graphs with Jumping Knowledge Networkscited by 877
  2. 2015Gated Graph Sequence Neural Networkscited by 796
  3. 2018How To Backdoor Federated Learningcited by 765
  4. 2017Federated Multi-Task Learningcited by 672
  5. 2019Self-supervised Visual Feature Learning with Deep Neural Networks: A Surveycited by 657
  6. 2018FastGCN: Fast Learning with Graph Convolutional Networks via Importance Samplingcited by 584
  7. 2018Deep learning for time series classification: a reviewcited by 576
  8. 2019Cluster-GCN: An Efficient Algorithm for Training Deep and Large Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 541
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  10. 2019Federated Machine Learning: Concept and Applicationscited by 412
  11. 2019Federated Learning in Mobile Edge Networks: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 408
  12. 2018Client Selection for Federated Learning with Heterogeneous Resources in Mobile Edgecited by 352
  13. 2020Towards Deeper Graph Neural Networkscited by 296
  14. 2017A Comprehensive Survey of Graph Embedding: Problems, Techniques and Applicationscited by 260
  15. 2015Deep Convolutional Networks on Graph-Structured Datacited by 246
  16. 2019Adaptive Gradient-Based Meta-Learning Methodscited by 183
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  18. 2020When Does Self-Supervision Help Graph Convolutional Networks?cited by 121
  19. 2018Large-Scale Learnable Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 113
  20. 2019Multi-Stage Self-Supervised Learning for Graph Convolutional Networks on Graphs with Few Labelscited by 111
  21. 2017Network Representation Learning: A Surveycited by 101
  22. 2018Attention-based Graph Neural Network for Semi-supervised Learningcited by 101
  23. 2021FedGNN: Federated Graph Neural Network for Privacy-Preserving Recommendationcited by 98
  24. 2018Adversarially Regularized Graph Autoencoder for Graph Embeddingcited by 84
  25. 2020A Blockchain-based Decentralized Federated Learning Framework with Committee Consensuscited by 84
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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 8; 2023: 5; 2024: 7; 2025: 9; 2026: 3.

34 papers.

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  1. 2022Trustworthy Graph Neural Networks: Aspects, Methods and Trendscited by 89
  2. 2022Federated Graph Neural Networks: Overview, Techniques and Challengescited by 52
  3. 2022GAP: Differentially Private Graph Neural Networks with Aggregation Perturbationcited by 46
  4. 2024FedGTA: Topology-aware Averaging for Federated Graph Learningcited by 44
  5. 2022FederatedScope-GNN: Towards a Unified, Comprehensive and Efficient Package for Federated Graph Learningcited by 43
  6. 2021Edge-Cloud Polarization and Collaboration: A Comprehensive Survey for AIcited by 39
  7. 2024AdaFGL: A New Paradigm for Federated Node Classification with Topology Heterogeneitycited by 25
  8. 2023A Survey on Privacy in Graph Neural Networks: Attacks, Preservation, and Applicationscited by 22
  9. 2022A Survey of Trustworthy Graph Learning: Reliability, Explainability, and Privacy Protectioncited by 20
  10. 2024OpenFGL: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Federated Graph Learningcited by 16
  11. 2022Federated Graph Machine Learning: A Survey of Concepts, Techniques, and Applicationscited by 14
  12. 2025Towards Effective Federated Graph Foundation Model via Mitigating Knowledge Entanglementcited by 14
22 more
  1. 2022FedEgo: Privacy-preserving Personalized Federated Graph Learning with Ego-graphscited by 12
  2. 2023Federated Learning over Coupled Graphscited by 12
  3. 2025OpenGU: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Graph Unlearningcited by 8
  4. 2025FedBook: A Unified Federated Graph Foundation Codebook with Intra-domain and Inter-domain Knowledge Modelingcited by 8
  5. 2025A Comprehensive Data-centric Overview of Federated Graph Learningcited by 7
  6. 2023Lumos: Heterogeneity-aware Federated Graph Learning over Decentralized Devicescited by 6
  7. 2024Federated Continual Graph Learningcited by 5
  8. 2023GLASU: A Communication-Efficient Algorithm for Federated Learning with Vertically Distributed Graph Datacited by 3
  9. 2024Edge Graph Intelligence: Reciprocally Empowering Edge Networks with Graph Intelligencecited by 3
  10. 2024Personalized One-shot Federated Graph Learning for Heterogeneous Clientscited by 3
  11. 2022Investigating the Predictive Reproducibility of Federated Graph Neural Networks using Medical Datasetscited by 1
  12. 2025Federated Prototype Graph Learningcited by 1
  13. 2025Towards Unbiased Federated Graph Learning: Label and Topology Perspectivescited by 1
  14. 2025FedHERO: A Federated Learning Approach for Node Classification Task on Heterophilic Graphscited by 1
  15. 2026Towards Effective Federated Multimodal Graph Learning via Navigating Multifaceted Heterogeneitycited by 1
  16. 2021RRLFSOR: An Efficient Self-Supervised Learning Strategy of Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 0
  17. 2023Scalable Neural Network Training over Distributed Graphscited by 0
  18. 2024FedGAT: A Privacy-Preserving Federated Approximation Algorithm for Graph Attention Networkscited by 0
  19. 2025FedGRec: Dynamic Spatio-Temporal Federated Graph Learning for Secure and Efficient Cross-Border Recommendationscited by 0
  20. 2025FedSA-GCL: A Semi-Asynchronous Federated Graph Learning Framework with Personalized Aggregation and Cluster-Aware Broadcastingcited by 0
  21. 2026Federated Semi-Supervised Graph Neural Networks with Prototype-Guided Pseudo-Labeling for Privacy-Preserving Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Predictioncited by 0
  22. 2026Towards Modality-imbalanced Federated Graph Learning: A Data Synthesis-based Approachcited by 0