Perceptual Image Quality Assessment with Transformers
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Abstract (arXiv)
In this paper, we propose an image quality transformer (IQT) that successfully applies a transformer architecture to a perceptual full-reference image quality assessment (IQA) task. Perceptual representation becomes more important in image quality assessment. In this context, we extract the perceptual feature representations from each of input images using a convolutional neural network (CNN) backbone. The extracted feature maps are fed into the transformer encoder and decoder in order to compare a reference and distorted images. Following an approach of the transformer-based vision models, we use extra learnable quality embedding and position embedding. The output of the transformer is passed to a prediction head in order to predict a final quality score. The experimental results show that our proposed model has an outstanding performance for the standard IQA datasets. For a large-scale IQA dataset containing output images of generative model, our model also shows the promising results. The proposed IQT was ranked first among 13 participants in the NTIRE 2021 perceptual image quality assessment challenge. Our work will be an opportunity to further expand the approach for the perceptual IQA task.
Key facts. Cited by 54 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 28 of its 62 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 Apr 2021.
Builds on
28 of 62 references.
References · 28
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- 2018The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metriccited by 11,029
- 2020End-to-End Object Detection with Transformerscited by 7,384
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16 more
- 2020Image Quality Assessment: Unifying Structure and Texture Similaritycited by 792
- 2018Image Transformercited by 770
- 2019KonIQ-10k: An ecologically valid database for deep learning of blind image quality assessmentcited by 351
- 2020Learning Texture Transformer Network for Image Super-Resolutioncited by 346
- 2020Axial-DeepLab: Stand-Alone Axial-Attention for Panoptic Segmentationcited by 326
- 2013Gradient Magnitude Similarity Deviation: A Highly Efficient Perceptual Image Quality Indexcited by 193
- 2020PIPAL: a Large-Scale Image Quality Assessment Dataset for Perceptual Image Restorationcited by 177
- 2018PieAPP: Perceptual Image-Error Assessment through Pairwise Preferencecited by 158
- 2018The 2018 PIRM Challenge on Perceptual Image Super-resolutioncited by 155
- 2016Learning a No-Reference Quality Metric for Single-Image Super-Resolutioncited by 143
- 2021Colorization Transformercited by 89
- 2020Transformer for Image Quality Assessmentcited by 76
- 2020Image Quality Assessment for Perceptual Image Restoration: A New Dataset, Benchmark and Metriccited by 26
- 2018Generative adversarial network-based image super-resolution using perceptual content lossescited by 8
- 2018Deep Learning-based Image Super-Resolution Considering Quantitative and Perceptual Qualitycited by 8
- 2021Ambiguity of Objective Image Quality Metrics: A New Methodology for Performance Evaluationcited by 4
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 16; 2023: 9; 2024: 15; 2025: 4; 2026: 6.
54 papers.
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- 2022Exploring CLIP for Assessing the Look and Feel of Imagescited by 974
- 2023TOPIQ: A Top-down Approach from Semantics to Distortions for Image Quality Assessmentcited by 220
- 2023AutoDIR: Automatic All-in-One Image Restoration with Latent Diffusioncited by 98
- 2023PromptMagician: Interactive Prompt Engineering for Text-to-Image Creationcited by 58
- 2022Attentions Help CNNs See Better: Attention-based Hybrid Image Quality Assessment Networkcited by 57
- 2021Joint Global and Local Hierarchical Priors for Learned Image Compressioncited by 52
- 2022NTIRE 2022 Challenge on Perceptual Image Quality Assessmentcited by 41
- 2024ColorVideoVDP: A visual difference predictor for image, video and display distortionscited by 32
- 2024Quality Assessment in the Era of Large Models: A Surveycited by 26
- 2023Zoom-VQA: Patches, Frames and Clips Integration for Video Quality Assessmentcited by 21
- 2021NTIRE 2021 Challenge on Perceptual Image Quality Assessmentcited by 18
- 2022A Perceptual Quality Metric for Video Frame Interpolationcited by 15
38 more
- 2022Content-Variant Reference Image Quality Assessment via Knowledge Distillationcited by 14
- 2022SwinIQA: Learned Swin Distance for Compressed Image Quality Assessmentcited by 14
- 2022Incorporating Semi-Supervised and Positive-Unlabeled Learning for Boosting Full Reference Image Quality Assessmentcited by 12
- 2025Next Token Is Enough: Realistic Image Quality and Aesthetic Scoring with Multimodal Large Language Modelcited by 11
- 2022MSTRIQ: No Reference Image Quality Assessment Based on Swin Transformer with Multi-Stage Fusioncited by 10
- 2024Vision-Language Consistency Guided Multi-modal Prompt Learning for Blind AI Generated Image Quality Assessmentcited by 9
- 2022Progressive Training of A Two-Stage Framework for Video Restorationcited by 7
- 2022Conformer and Blind Noisy Students for Improved Image Quality Assessmentcited by 5
- 2024LAR-IQA: A Lightweight, Accurate, and Robust No-Reference Image Quality Assessment Modelcited by 5
- 2024AI-Generated Image Quality Assessment Based on Task-Specific Prompt and Multi-Granularity Similaritycited by 5
- 2023You Only Train Once: A Unified Framework for Both Full-Reference and No-Reference Image Quality Assessmentcited by 4
- 2024Perception- and Fidelity-aware Reduced-Reference Super-Resolution Image Quality Assessmentcited by 4
- 2021Impact of loss functions on the performance of a deep neural network designed to restore low-dose digital mammographycited by 2
- 2022Image Quality Assessment for Magnetic Resonance Imagingcited by 2
- 2022Image Quality Assessment with Gradient Siamese Networkcited by 2
- 2022DCVQE: A Hierarchical Transformer for Video Quality Assessmentcited by 2
- 2022Content-Diverse Comparisons improve IQAcited by 2
- 2024Data-free Distillation with Degradation-prompt Diffusion for Multi-weather Image Restorationcited by 2
- 2024Embodied Image Quality Assessment for Robotic Intelligencecited by 2
- 2025StableMorph: High-Quality Face Morph Generation with Stable Diffusioncited by 2
- 2026From Global to Granular: Revealing IQA Model Performance via Correlation Surfacecited by 2
- 2021Learning Transformer Features for Image Quality Assessmentcited by 1
- 2022Can No-reference features help in Full-reference image quality estimation?cited by 1
- 2022Multi-Scale Features and Parallel Transformers Based Image Quality Assessmentcited by 1
- 2023SAM-IQA: Can Segment Anything Boost Image Quality Assessment?cited by 1
- 2023Object Detection Difficulty: Suppressing Over-aggregation for Faster and Better Video Object Detectioncited by 1
- 2024Assessing Image Quality Using a Simple Generative Representationcited by 1
- 2024Adapting Pretrained Networks for Image Quality Assessment on High Dynamic Range Displayscited by 1
- 2026BiRQA: Bidirectional Robust Quality Assessment for Imagescited by 1
- 2023Mask Reference Image Quality Assessmentcited by 0
- 2023HFLIC: Human Friendly Perceptual Learned Image Compression with Reinforced Transformcited by 0
- 2024QUASAR: QUality and Aesthetics Scoring with Advanced Representationscited by 0
- 2024PKU-AIGIQA-4K: A Perceptual Quality Assessment Database for Both Text-to-Image and Image-to-Image AI-Generated Imagescited by 0
- 2024Image Score: Learning and Evaluating Human Preferences for Mercari Searchcited by 0
- 2024Enhancing Content Representation for AR Image Quality Assessment Using Knowledge Distillationcited by 0
- 2024Image Quality Assessment: Enhancing Perceptual Exploration and Interpretation with Collaborative Feature Refinement and Hausdorff distancecited by 0
- 2025BELE: Blur Equivalent Linearized Estimatorcited by 0
- 2025Cost Savings from Automatic Quality Assessment of Generated Imagescited by 0
50 most cited of 54 All 54 (JSON)
- 2026iDiff: Interpretable Difference-aware Framework for Pairwise Image Quality Assessment19 May 2026
- 2026Causal Disentanglement-Inspired Degradation Representation Learning for Full-Reference Image Quality Assessment23 Apr 2026
- 2026R4-CGQA: Retrieval-based Vision Language Models for Computer Graphics Image Quality Assessment11 Mar 2026
- 2026BiRQA: Bidirectional Robust Quality Assessment for Images23 Feb 2026
- 2026Image Quality Assessment: Exploring Quality Awareness via Memory-driven Distortion Patterns Matching20 Feb 2026
- 2026From Global to Granular: Revealing IQA Model Performance via Correlation Surface29 Jan 2026
- 2025StableMorph: High-Quality Face Morph Generation with Stable Diffusion11 Nov 2025
- 2025Cost Savings from Automatic Quality Assessment of Generated Images17 Oct 2025
- 2025Next Token Is Enough: Realistic Image Quality and Aesthetic Scoring with Multimodal Large Language Model8 Mar 2025
- 2025BELE: Blur Equivalent Linearized Estimator1 Mar 2025
- 2024Embodied Image Quality Assessment for Robotic Intelligence25 Dec 2024
- 2024Image Quality Assessment: Enhancing Perceptual Exploration and Interpretation with Collaborative Feature Refinement and Hausdorff distance20 Dec 2024
38 more
- 2024Enhancing Content Representation for AR Image Quality Assessment Using Knowledge Distillation8 Dec 2024
- 2024AI-Generated Image Quality Assessment Based on Task-Specific Prompt and Multi-Granularity Similarity25 Nov 2024
- 2024Data-free Distillation with Degradation-prompt Diffusion for Multi-weather Image Restoration5 Sep 2024
- 2024LAR-IQA: A Lightweight, Accurate, and Robust No-Reference Image Quality Assessment Model30 Aug 2024
- 2024Image Score: Learning and Evaluating Human Preferences for Mercari Search21 Aug 2024
- 2024Quality Assessment in the Era of Large Models: A Survey17 Aug 2024
- 2024Vision-Language Consistency Guided Multi-modal Prompt Learning for Blind AI Generated Image Quality Assessment24 Jun 2024
- 2024Perception- and Fidelity-aware Reduced-Reference Super-Resolution Image Quality Assessment15 May 2024
- 2024Adapting Pretrained Networks for Image Quality Assessment on High Dynamic Range Displays1 May 2024
- 2024PKU-AIGIQA-4K: A Perceptual Quality Assessment Database for Both Text-to-Image and Image-to-Image AI-Generated Images29 Apr 2024
- 2024Assessing Image Quality Using a Simple Generative Representation28 Apr 2024
- 2024QUASAR: QUality and Aesthetics Scoring with Advanced Representations11 Mar 2024
- 2024ColorVideoVDP: A visual difference predictor for image, video and display distortions21 Jan 2024
- 2023AutoDIR: Automatic All-in-One Image Restoration with Latent Diffusion16 Oct 2023
- 2023You Only Train Once: A Unified Framework for Both Full-Reference and No-Reference Image Quality Assessment14 Oct 2023
- 2023Object Detection Difficulty: Suppressing Over-aggregation for Faster and Better Video Object Detection22 Aug 2023
- 2023TOPIQ: A Top-down Approach from Semantics to Distortions for Image Quality Assessment6 Aug 2023
- 2023PromptMagician: Interactive Prompt Engineering for Text-to-Image Creation18 Jul 2023
- 2023SAM-IQA: Can Segment Anything Boost Image Quality Assessment?10 Jul 2023
- 2023HFLIC: Human Friendly Perceptual Learned Image Compression with Reinforced Transform12 May 2023
- 2023Zoom-VQA: Patches, Frames and Clips Integration for Video Quality Assessment13 Apr 2023
- 2023Mask Reference Image Quality Assessment27 Feb 2023
- 2022Content-Diverse Comparisons improve IQA9 Nov 2022
- 2022DCVQE: A Hierarchical Transformer for Video Quality Assessment10 Oct 2022
- 2022A Perceptual Quality Metric for Video Frame Interpolation4 Oct 2022
- 2022Image Quality Assessment with Gradient Siamese Network8 Aug 2022
- 2022Exploring CLIP for Assessing the Look and Feel of Images25 Jul 2022
- 2022NTIRE 2022 Challenge on Perceptual Image Quality Assessment23 Jun 2022
- 2022MSTRIQ: No Reference Image Quality Assessment Based on Swin Transformer with Multi-Stage Fusion20 May 2022
- 2022SwinIQA: Learned Swin Distance for Compressed Image Quality Assessment9 May 2022
- 2022Conformer and Blind Noisy Students for Improved Image Quality Assessment27 Apr 2022
- 2022Attentions Help CNNs See Better: Attention-based Hybrid Image Quality Assessment Network22 Apr 2022
- 2022Progressive Training of A Two-Stage Framework for Video Restoration21 Apr 2022
- 2022Multi-Scale Features and Parallel Transformers Based Image Quality Assessment20 Apr 2022
- 2022Incorporating Semi-Supervised and Positive-Unlabeled Learning for Boosting Full Reference Image Quality Assessment19 Apr 2022
- 2022Image Quality Assessment for Magnetic Resonance Imaging15 Mar 2022
- 2022Can No-reference features help in Full-reference image quality estimation?2 Mar 2022
- 2022Content-Variant Reference Image Quality Assessment via Knowledge Distillation26 Feb 2022
50 newest of 54 All 54 (JSON)
- 2022Exploring CLIP for Assessing the Look and Feel of Imagescited by 974
- 2023TOPIQ: A Top-down Approach from Semantics to Distortions for Image Quality Assessmentcited by 220
- 2023PromptMagician: Interactive Prompt Engineering for Text-to-Image Creationcited by 58
- 2022Attentions Help CNNs See Better: Attention-based Hybrid Image Quality Assessment Networkcited by 57
- 2021Joint Global and Local Hierarchical Priors for Learned Image Compressioncited by 52
- 2022NTIRE 2022 Challenge on Perceptual Image Quality Assessmentcited by 41
- 2024ColorVideoVDP: A visual difference predictor for image, video and display distortionscited by 32
- 2024Quality Assessment in the Era of Large Models: A Surveycited by 26
- 2023Zoom-VQA: Patches, Frames and Clips Integration for Video Quality Assessmentcited by 21
- 2021NTIRE 2021 Challenge on Perceptual Image Quality Assessmentcited by 18
- 2022A Perceptual Quality Metric for Video Frame Interpolationcited by 15
- 2022Content-Variant Reference Image Quality Assessment via Knowledge Distillationcited by 14
12 most cited of 49 All 49 (JSON)
- 2026iDiff: Interpretable Difference-aware Framework for Pairwise Image Quality Assessment19 May 2026
- 2026Causal Disentanglement-Inspired Degradation Representation Learning for Full-Reference Image Quality Assessment23 Apr 2026
- 2026BiRQA: Bidirectional Robust Quality Assessment for Images23 Feb 2026
- 2026Image Quality Assessment: Exploring Quality Awareness via Memory-driven Distortion Patterns Matching20 Feb 2026
- 2026From Global to Granular: Revealing IQA Model Performance via Correlation Surface29 Jan 2026
- 2025Cost Savings from Automatic Quality Assessment of Generated Images17 Oct 2025
- 2025BELE: Blur Equivalent Linearized Estimator1 Mar 2025
- 2024Embodied Image Quality Assessment for Robotic Intelligence25 Dec 2024
- 2024Image Quality Assessment: Enhancing Perceptual Exploration and Interpretation with Collaborative Feature Refinement and Hausdorff distance20 Dec 2024
- 2024Enhancing Content Representation for AR Image Quality Assessment Using Knowledge Distillation8 Dec 2024
- 2024AI-Generated Image Quality Assessment Based on Task-Specific Prompt and Multi-Granularity Similarity25 Nov 2024
- 2024LAR-IQA: A Lightweight, Accurate, and Robust No-Reference Image Quality Assessment Model30 Aug 2024
12 newest of 49 All 49 (JSON)