Defining and Detecting Toxicity on Social Media: Context and Knowledge are Key
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Abstract (arXiv)
Online platforms have become an increasingly prominent means of communication. Despite the obvious benefits to the expanded distribution of content, the last decade has resulted in disturbing toxic communication, such as cyberbullying and harassment. Nevertheless, detecting online toxicity is challenging due to its multi-dimensional, context sensitive nature. As exposure to online toxicity can have serious social consequences, reliable models and algorithms are required for detecting and analyzing such communication across the vast and growing space of social media. In this paper, we draw on psychological and social theory to define toxicity. Then, we provide an approach that identifies multiple dimensions of toxicity and incorporates explicit knowledge in a statistical learning algorithm to resolve ambiguity across such dimensions.
Key facts. Cited by 29 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 21 Apr 2021.
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 2; 2023: 3; 2024: 13; 2025: 7; 2026: 4.
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- 2024Leveraging the Context through Multi-Round Interactions for Jailbreaking Attackscited by 32
- 2024NLP Systems That Can't Tell Use from Mention Censor Counterspeech, but Teaching the Distinction Helpscited by 19
- 2024Detecting Conversational Mental Manipulation with Intent-Aware Promptingcited by 16
- 2024Toxic Memes: A Survey of Computational Perspectives on the Detection and Explanation of Meme Toxicitiescited by 13
- 2023CoSyn: Detecting Implicit Hate Speech in Online Conversations Using a Context Synergized Hyperbolic Networkcited by 12
- 2022Assessing the impact of contextual information in hate speech detectioncited by 10
- 2023Debiasing should be Good and Bad: Measuring the Consistency of Debiasing Techniques in Language Modelscited by 7
- 2024Just KIDDIN: Knowledge Infusion and Distillation for Detection of INdecent Memescited by 7
- 2023Your spouse needs professional help: Determining the Contextual Appropriateness of Messages through Modeling Social Relationshipscited by 6
- 2024DeMod: A Holistic Tool with Explainable Detection and Personalized Modification for Toxicity Censorshipcited by 6
- 2024Putting Context in Context: the Impact of Discussion Structure on Text Classificationcited by 3
- 2024Leveraging Machine Learning to Identify Gendered Stereotypes and Body Image Concerns on Diet and Fitness Online Forumscited by 3
17 more
- 2024Improving and Assessing the Fidelity of Large Language Models Alignment to Online Communitiescited by 2
- 2025Playing Devil's Advocate: Unmasking Toxicity and Vulnerabilities in Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 2
- 2024Large Language Models Help Reveal Unhealthy Diet and Body Concerns in Online Eating Disorders Communitiescited by 1
- 2024NLP Case Study on Predicting the Before and After of the Ukraine-Russia and Hamas-Israel Conflictscited by 1
- 2024Exploring Large Language Models for Hate Speech Detection in Rioplatense Spanishcited by 1
- 2025Breaking the Cloak! Unveiling Chinese Cloaked Toxicity with Homophone Graph and Toxic Lexiconcited by 1
- 2025Digital Gatekeepers: Google's Role in Curating Hashtags and Subredditscited by 1
- 2025SynBullying: A Multi LLM Synthetic Conversational Dataset for Cyberbullying Detectioncited by 1
- 2022Detecting Offensive Language on Social Networks: An End-to-end Detection Method based on Graph Attention Networkscited by 0
- 2024Characterizing Online Toxicity During the 2022 Mpox Outbreak: A Computational Analysis of Topical and Network Dynamicscited by 0
- 2025Context-Aware Toxicity Detection in Multiplayer Games: Integrating Domain-Adaptive Pretraining and Match Metadatacited by 0
- 2025Emotionally Aware Moderation: The Potential of Emotion Monitoring in Shaping Healthier Social Media Conversationscited by 0
- 2025Knowledge-guided Continual Learning for Behavioral Analytics Systemscited by 0
- 2026Text Detoxification in isiXhosa and Yor`ub'a: A Cross-Lingual Machine Learning Approach for Low-Resource African Languagescited by 0
- 2026Power Echoes: Investigating Moderation Biases in Online Power-Asymmetric Conflictscited by 0
- 2026Harm is not Universal: Community-Specific Toxicity Detection is Urgently Neededcited by 0
- 2026Do Social Patterns Hold in Synthetic Data? Analyzing Cyberbullying Dynamics in LLM-Generated and Authentic Dialoguescited by 0
- 2026Harm is not Universal: Community-Specific Toxicity Detection is Urgently Needed27 Jul 2026
- 2026Do Social Patterns Hold in Synthetic Data? Analyzing Cyberbullying Dynamics in LLM-Generated and Authentic Dialogues15 Jul 2026
- 2026Power Echoes: Investigating Moderation Biases in Online Power-Asymmetric Conflicts2 Mar 2026
- 2026Text Detoxification in isiXhosa and Yor`ub'a: A Cross-Lingual Machine Learning Approach for Low-Resource African Languages9 Jan 2026
- 2025SynBullying: A Multi LLM Synthetic Conversational Dataset for Cyberbullying Detection30 Oct 2025
- 2025Knowledge-guided Continual Learning for Behavioral Analytics Systems25 Oct 2025
- 2025Emotionally Aware Moderation: The Potential of Emotion Monitoring in Shaping Healthier Social Media Conversations24 Jun 2025
- 2025Digital Gatekeepers: Google's Role in Curating Hashtags and Subreddits17 Jun 2025
- 2025Breaking the Cloak! Unveiling Chinese Cloaked Toxicity with Homophone Graph and Toxic Lexicon28 May 2025
- 2025Context-Aware Toxicity Detection in Multiplayer Games: Integrating Domain-Adaptive Pretraining and Match Metadata2 Apr 2025
- 2025Playing Devil's Advocate: Unmasking Toxicity and Vulnerabilities in Large Vision-Language Models14 Jan 2025
- 2024Detecting Conversational Mental Manipulation with Intent-Aware Prompting11 Dec 2024
17 more
- 2024Just KIDDIN: Knowledge Infusion and Distillation for Detection of INdecent Memes19 Nov 2024
- 2024DeMod: A Holistic Tool with Explainable Detection and Personalized Modification for Toxicity Censorship4 Nov 2024
- 2024Exploring Large Language Models for Hate Speech Detection in Rioplatense Spanish16 Oct 2024
- 2024NLP Case Study on Predicting the Before and After of the Ukraine-Russia and Hamas-Israel Conflicts8 Oct 2024
- 2024Characterizing Online Toxicity During the 2022 Mpox Outbreak: A Computational Analysis of Topical and Network Dynamics21 Aug 2024
- 2024Improving and Assessing the Fidelity of Large Language Models Alignment to Online Communities18 Aug 2024
- 2024Leveraging Machine Learning to Identify Gendered Stereotypes and Body Image Concerns on Diet and Fitness Online Forums4 Jul 2024
- 2024Toxic Memes: A Survey of Computational Perspectives on the Detection and Explanation of Meme Toxicities11 Jun 2024
- 2024NLP Systems That Can't Tell Use from Mention Censor Counterspeech, but Teaching the Distinction Helps2 Apr 2024
- 2024Leveraging the Context through Multi-Round Interactions for Jailbreaking Attacks14 Feb 2024
- 2024Putting Context in Context: the Impact of Discussion Structure on Text Classification5 Feb 2024
- 2024Large Language Models Help Reveal Unhealthy Diet and Body Concerns in Online Eating Disorders Communities17 Jan 2024
- 2023Your spouse needs professional help: Determining the Contextual Appropriateness of Messages through Modeling Social Relationships6 Jul 2023
- 2023Debiasing should be Good and Bad: Measuring the Consistency of Debiasing Techniques in Language Models23 May 2023
- 2023CoSyn: Detecting Implicit Hate Speech in Online Conversations Using a Context Synergized Hyperbolic Network2 Mar 2023
- 2022Assessing the impact of contextual information in hate speech detection2 Oct 2022
- 2022Detecting Offensive Language on Social Networks: An End-to-end Detection Method based on Graph Attention Networks4 Mar 2022
- 2024NLP Systems That Can't Tell Use from Mention Censor Counterspeech, but Teaching the Distinction Helpscited by 19
- 2024Detecting Conversational Mental Manipulation with Intent-Aware Promptingcited by 16
- 2024Toxic Memes: A Survey of Computational Perspectives on the Detection and Explanation of Meme Toxicitiescited by 13
- 2023CoSyn: Detecting Implicit Hate Speech in Online Conversations Using a Context Synergized Hyperbolic Networkcited by 12
- 2022Assessing the impact of contextual information in hate speech detectioncited by 10
- 2023Debiasing should be Good and Bad: Measuring the Consistency of Debiasing Techniques in Language Modelscited by 7
- 2024Just KIDDIN: Knowledge Infusion and Distillation for Detection of INdecent Memescited by 7
- 2023Your spouse needs professional help: Determining the Contextual Appropriateness of Messages through Modeling Social Relationshipscited by 6
- 2024DeMod: A Holistic Tool with Explainable Detection and Personalized Modification for Toxicity Censorshipcited by 6
- 2024Putting Context in Context: the Impact of Discussion Structure on Text Classificationcited by 3
- 2024Leveraging Machine Learning to Identify Gendered Stereotypes and Body Image Concerns on Diet and Fitness Online Forumscited by 3
- 2024Improving and Assessing the Fidelity of Large Language Models Alignment to Online Communitiescited by 2
12 most cited of 26 All 26 (JSON)
- 2026Harm is not Universal: Community-Specific Toxicity Detection is Urgently Needed27 Jul 2026
- 2026Power Echoes: Investigating Moderation Biases in Online Power-Asymmetric Conflicts2 Mar 2026
- 2026Text Detoxification in isiXhosa and Yor`ub'a: A Cross-Lingual Machine Learning Approach for Low-Resource African Languages9 Jan 2026
- 2025SynBullying: A Multi LLM Synthetic Conversational Dataset for Cyberbullying Detection30 Oct 2025
- 2025Knowledge-guided Continual Learning for Behavioral Analytics Systems25 Oct 2025
- 2025Emotionally Aware Moderation: The Potential of Emotion Monitoring in Shaping Healthier Social Media Conversations24 Jun 2025
- 2025Digital Gatekeepers: Google's Role in Curating Hashtags and Subreddits17 Jun 2025
- 2025Breaking the Cloak! Unveiling Chinese Cloaked Toxicity with Homophone Graph and Toxic Lexicon28 May 2025
- 2025Context-Aware Toxicity Detection in Multiplayer Games: Integrating Domain-Adaptive Pretraining and Match Metadata2 Apr 2025
- 2024Detecting Conversational Mental Manipulation with Intent-Aware Prompting11 Dec 2024
- 2024Just KIDDIN: Knowledge Infusion and Distillation for Detection of INdecent Memes19 Nov 2024
- 2024DeMod: A Holistic Tool with Explainable Detection and Personalized Modification for Toxicity Censorship4 Nov 2024
12 newest of 26 All 26 (JSON)