Utilizing Self-supervised Representations for MOS Prediction
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Abstract (arXiv)
Speech quality assessment has been a critical issue in speech processing for decades. Existing automatic evaluations usually require clean references or parallel ground truth data, which is infeasible when the amount of data soars. Subjective tests, on the other hand, do not need any additional clean or parallel data and correlates better to human perception. However, such a test is expensive and time-consuming because crowd work is necessary. It thus becomes highly desired to develop an automatic evaluation approach that correlates well with human perception while not requiring ground truth data. In this paper, we use self-supervised pre-trained models for MOS prediction. We show their representations can distinguish between clean and noisy audios. Then, we fine-tune these pre-trained models followed by simple linear layers in an end-to-end manner. The experiment results showed that our framework outperforms the two previous state-of-the-art models by a significant improvement on Voice Conversion Challenge 2018 and achieves comparable or superior performance on Voice Conversion Challenge 2016. We also conducted an ablation study to further investigate how each module benefits the task. The experiment results are implemented and reproducible with publicly available toolkits.
Key facts. Cited by 20 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 19 of its 36 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 7 Apr 2021.
Builds on
19 of 36 references.
References · 19
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
- 2018Representation Learning with Contrastive Predictive Codingcited by 7,662
- 2020wav2vec 2.0: A Framework for Self-Supervised Learning of Speech Representationscited by 3,853
- 2019Libri-Light: A Benchmark for ASR with Limited or No Supervisioncited by 462
- 2015MUSAN: A Music, Speech, and Noise Corpuscited by 400
- 2020TERA: Self-Supervised Learning of Transformer Encoder Representation for Speechcited by 186
- 2019An Unsupervised Autoregressive Model for Speech Representation Learningcited by 185
- 2019WHAM!: Extending Speech Separation to Noisy Environmentscited by 154
- 2019MOSNet: Deep Learning based Objective Assessment for Voice Conversioncited by 126
- 2018The Voice Conversion Challenge 2018: Promoting Development of Parallel and Nonparallel Methodscited by 68
- 2020FragmentVC: Any-to-Any Voice Conversion by End-to-End Extracting and Fusing Fine-Grained Voice Fragments With Attentioncited by 37
- 2021MBNet: MOS Prediction for Synthesized Speech with Mean-Bias Networkcited by 37
7 more
- 2018Quality-Net: An End-to-End Non-intrusive Speech Quality Assessment Model based on BLSTMcited by 36
- 2016Audio Word2Vec: Unsupervised Learning of Audio Segment Representations using Sequence-to-sequence Autoencodercited by 34
- 2020Self-attention encoding and pooling for speaker recognitioncited by 33
- 2020Self-supervised Text-independent Speaker Verification using Prototypical Momentum Contrastive Learningcited by 29
- 2016AutoMOS: Learning a non-intrusive assessor of naturalness-of-speechcited by 22
- 2018Segmental Audio Word2Vec: Representing Utterances as Sequences of Vectors with Applications in Spoken Term Detectioncited by 17
- 2019Non-intrusive speech quality assessment using neural networkscited by 11
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 7; 2023: 5; 2024: 2; 2025: 2; 2026: 1.
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- 2022DiffGAN-TTS: High-Fidelity and Efficient Text-to-Speech with Denoising Diffusion GANscited by 43
- 2021LDNet: Unified Listener Dependent Modeling in MOS Prediction for Synthetic Speechcited by 24
- 2021Meta-TTS: Meta-Learning for Few-Shot Speaker Adaptive Text-to-Speechcited by 22
- 2022SQuId: Measuring Speech Naturalness in Many Languagescited by 10
- 2021InQSS: a speech intelligibility and quality assessment model using a multi-task learning networkcited by 7
- 2022DDOS: A MOS Prediction Framework utilizing Domain Adaptive Pre-training and Distribution of Opinion Scorescited by 7
- 2024Self-Supervised Speech Quality Estimation and Enhancement Using Only Clean Speechcited by 7
- 2022ECAPA-TDNN for Multi-speaker Text-to-speech Synthesiscited by 5
- 2023On the Use of Self-Supervised Speech Representations in Spontaneous Speech Synthesiscited by 4
- 2023Uncertainty as a Predictor: Leveraging Self-Supervised Learning for Zero-Shot MOS Predictioncited by 4
- 2023Resource-Efficient Fine-Tuning Strategies for Automatic MOS Prediction in Text-to-Speech for Low-Resource Languagescited by 3
- 2025QAMRO: Quality-aware Adaptive Margin Ranking Optimization for Human-aligned Assessment of Audio Generation Systemscited by 3
8 more
- 2022Investigating Content-Aware Neural Text-To-Speech MOS Prediction Using Prosodic and Linguistic Featurescited by 2
- 2023Evaluation of Speech Representations for MOS predictioncited by 2
- 2025APG-MOS: Auditory Perception Guided-MOS Predictor for Synthetic Speechcited by 2
- 2024SVSNet+: Enhancing Speaker Voice Similarity Assessment Models with Representations from Speech Foundation Modelscited by 1
- 2022Improving Self-Supervised Learning-based MOS Prediction Networkscited by 0
- 2022Real-time Speech Interruption Analysis: From Cloud to Client Deploymentcited by 0
- 2023Pac-HuBERT: Self-Supervised Music Source Separation via Primitive Auditory Clustering and Hidden-Unit BERTcited by 0
- 2026CAL-MOS: Bridging Layers with Adapters for Robust MOS Prediction Across Speech Foundation Modelscited by 0
- 2026CAL-MOS: Bridging Layers with Adapters for Robust MOS Prediction Across Speech Foundation Models14 Sep 2026
- 2025QAMRO: Quality-aware Adaptive Margin Ranking Optimization for Human-aligned Assessment of Audio Generation Systems12 Aug 2025
- 2025APG-MOS: Auditory Perception Guided-MOS Predictor for Synthetic Speech29 Apr 2025
- 2024SVSNet+: Enhancing Speaker Voice Similarity Assessment Models with Representations from Speech Foundation Models12 Jun 2024
- 2024Self-Supervised Speech Quality Estimation and Enhancement Using Only Clean Speech26 Feb 2024
- 2023Uncertainty as a Predictor: Leveraging Self-Supervised Learning for Zero-Shot MOS Prediction25 Dec 2023
- 2023On the Use of Self-Supervised Speech Representations in Spontaneous Speech Synthesis11 Jul 2023
- 2023Evaluation of Speech Representations for MOS prediction16 Jun 2023
- 2023Resource-Efficient Fine-Tuning Strategies for Automatic MOS Prediction in Text-to-Speech for Low-Resource Languages30 May 2023
- 2023Pac-HuBERT: Self-Supervised Music Source Separation via Primitive Auditory Clustering and Hidden-Unit BERT4 Apr 2023
- 2022Investigating Content-Aware Neural Text-To-Speech MOS Prediction Using Prosodic and Linguistic Features1 Nov 2022
- 2022Real-time Speech Interruption Analysis: From Cloud to Client Deployment24 Oct 2022
8 more
- 2022SQuId: Measuring Speech Naturalness in Many Languages12 Oct 2022
- 2022Improving Self-Supervised Learning-based MOS Prediction Networks23 Apr 2022
- 2022DDOS: A MOS Prediction Framework utilizing Domain Adaptive Pre-training and Distribution of Opinion Scores7 Apr 2022
- 2022ECAPA-TDNN for Multi-speaker Text-to-speech Synthesis20 Mar 2022
- 2022DiffGAN-TTS: High-Fidelity and Efficient Text-to-Speech with Denoising Diffusion GANs28 Jan 2022
- 2021Meta-TTS: Meta-Learning for Few-Shot Speaker Adaptive Text-to-Speech7 Nov 2021
- 2021InQSS: a speech intelligibility and quality assessment model using a multi-task learning network4 Nov 2021
- 2021LDNet: Unified Listener Dependent Modeling in MOS Prediction for Synthetic Speech18 Oct 2021
- 2021LDNet: Unified Listener Dependent Modeling in MOS Prediction for Synthetic Speechcited by 24
- 2021Meta-TTS: Meta-Learning for Few-Shot Speaker Adaptive Text-to-Speechcited by 22
- 2022SQuId: Measuring Speech Naturalness in Many Languagescited by 10
- 2021InQSS: a speech intelligibility and quality assessment model using a multi-task learning networkcited by 7
- 2022DDOS: A MOS Prediction Framework utilizing Domain Adaptive Pre-training and Distribution of Opinion Scorescited by 7
- 2024Self-Supervised Speech Quality Estimation and Enhancement Using Only Clean Speechcited by 7
- 2022ECAPA-TDNN for Multi-speaker Text-to-speech Synthesiscited by 5
- 2023On the Use of Self-Supervised Speech Representations in Spontaneous Speech Synthesiscited by 4
- 2023Uncertainty as a Predictor: Leveraging Self-Supervised Learning for Zero-Shot MOS Predictioncited by 4
- 2023Resource-Efficient Fine-Tuning Strategies for Automatic MOS Prediction in Text-to-Speech for Low-Resource Languagescited by 3
- 2025QAMRO: Quality-aware Adaptive Margin Ranking Optimization for Human-aligned Assessment of Audio Generation Systemscited by 3
- 2022Investigating Content-Aware Neural Text-To-Speech MOS Prediction Using Prosodic and Linguistic Featurescited by 2
12 most cited of 19 All 19 (JSON)
- 2026CAL-MOS: Bridging Layers with Adapters for Robust MOS Prediction Across Speech Foundation Models14 Sep 2026
- 2025QAMRO: Quality-aware Adaptive Margin Ranking Optimization for Human-aligned Assessment of Audio Generation Systems12 Aug 2025
- 2025APG-MOS: Auditory Perception Guided-MOS Predictor for Synthetic Speech29 Apr 2025
- 2024SVSNet+: Enhancing Speaker Voice Similarity Assessment Models with Representations from Speech Foundation Models12 Jun 2024
- 2024Self-Supervised Speech Quality Estimation and Enhancement Using Only Clean Speech26 Feb 2024
- 2023Uncertainty as a Predictor: Leveraging Self-Supervised Learning for Zero-Shot MOS Prediction25 Dec 2023
- 2023On the Use of Self-Supervised Speech Representations in Spontaneous Speech Synthesis11 Jul 2023
- 2023Evaluation of Speech Representations for MOS prediction16 Jun 2023
- 2023Resource-Efficient Fine-Tuning Strategies for Automatic MOS Prediction in Text-to-Speech for Low-Resource Languages30 May 2023
- 2023Pac-HuBERT: Self-Supervised Music Source Separation via Primitive Auditory Clustering and Hidden-Unit BERT4 Apr 2023
- 2022Investigating Content-Aware Neural Text-To-Speech MOS Prediction Using Prosodic and Linguistic Features1 Nov 2022
- 2022Real-time Speech Interruption Analysis: From Cloud to Client Deployment24 Oct 2022
12 newest of 19 All 19 (JSON)