PLUMENet: Efficient 3D Object Detection from Stereo Images
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Abstract (arXiv)
3D object detection is a key component of many robotic applications such as self-driving vehicles. While many approaches rely on expensive 3D sensors such as LiDAR to produce accurate 3D estimates, methods that exploit stereo cameras have recently shown promising results at a lower cost. Existing approaches tackle this problem in two steps: first depth estimation from stereo images is performed to produce a pseudo LiDAR point cloud, which is then used as input to a 3D object detector. However, this approach is suboptimal due to the representation mismatch, as the two tasks are optimized in two different metric spaces. In this paper we propose a model that unifies these two tasks and performs them in the same metric space. Specifically, we directly construct a pseudo LiDAR feature volume (PLUME) in 3D space, which is then used to solve both depth estimation and object detection tasks. Our approach achieves state-of-the-art performance with much faster inference times when compared to existing methods on the challenging KITTI benchmark.
Key facts. Cited by 19 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 36 of its 47 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Jan 2021.
Builds on
36 of 47 references.
References · 36
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 52,096
- 2015Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networkscited by 9,639
- 2017Mask R-CNNcited by 7,277
- 2016Feature Pyramid Networks for Object Detectioncited by 5,036
- 2017PointNet++: Deep Hierarchical Feature Learning on Point Sets in a Metric Spacecited by 4,401
- 2018PointPillars: Fast Encoders for Object Detection from Point Cloudscited by 1,715
- 2017VoxelNet: End-to-End Learning for Point Cloud Based 3D Object Detectioncited by 1,323
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- 2016Multi-View 3D Object Detection Network for Autonomous Drivingcited by 724
- 2017Frustum PointNets for 3D Object Detection from RGB-D Datacited by 640
- 2018Pyramid Stereo Matching Networkcited by 489
24 more
- 2018Pseudo-LiDAR from Visual Depth Estimation: Bridging the Gap in 3D Object Detection for Autonomous Drivingcited by 457
- 2017End-to-End Learning of Geometry and Context for Deep Stereo Regressioncited by 360
- 2019PIXOR: Real-time 3D Object Detection from Point Cloudscited by 358
- 2019Point-Voxel CNN for Efficient 3D Deep Learningcited by 343
- 20163D Bounding Box Estimation Using Deep Learning and Geometrycited by 278
- 2020Deep Continuous Fusion for Multi-Sensor 3D Object Detectioncited by 263
- 2020Multi-Task Multi-Sensor Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 203
- 2018Orthographic Feature Transform for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 202
- 2017Learning a Multi-View Stereo Machinecited by 194
- 2019Pseudo-LiDAR++: Accurate Depth for 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Drivingcited by 188
- 2019Stereo R-CNN based 3D Object Detection for Autonomous Drivingcited by 163
- 2015Stereo Matching by Training a Convolutional Neural Network to Compare Image Patchescited by 151
- 2019GS3D: An Efficient 3D Object Detection Framework for Autonomous Drivingcited by 106
- 2020DSGN: Deep Stereo Geometry Network for 3D Object Detectioncited by 101
- 2017Deep MANTA: A Coarse-to-fine Many-Task Network for joint 2D and 3D vehicle analysis from monocular imagecited by 95
- 2020End-to-End Pseudo-LiDAR for Image-Based 3D Object Detectioncited by 80
- 2020HDNET: Exploiting HD Maps for 3D Object Detectioncited by 78
- 20163D Object Proposals using Stereo Imagery for Accurate Object Class Detectioncited by 58
- 2020Disp R-CNN: Stereo 3D Object Detection via Shape Prior Guided Instance Disparity Estimationcited by 43
- 2020Wasserstein Distances for Stereo Disparity Estimationcited by 38
- 2019Object-Centric Stereo Matching for 3D Object Detectioncited by 29
- 2020ZoomNet: Part-Aware Adaptive Zooming Neural Network for 3D Object Detectioncited by 25
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 6; 2023: 2; 2024: 5; 2025: 2; 2026: 1.
19 papers.
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- 20223D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 132
- 2021LIGA-Stereo: Learning LiDAR Geometry Aware Representations for Stereo-based 3D Detectorcited by 70
- 2021VPFNet: Improving 3D Object Detection with Virtual Point based LiDAR and Stereo Data Fusioncited by 48
- 2022Pseudo-Stereo for Monocular 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Drivingcited by 30
- 2022ORA3D: Overlap Region Aware Multi-view 3D Object Detectioncited by 8
- 2024Weak-to-Strong 3D Object Detection with X-Ray Distillationcited by 5
- 2024Better Monocular 3D Detectors with LiDAR from the Pastcited by 4
- 2022Stereo Neural Vernier Calipercited by 3
- 2022Consistency of Implicit and Explicit Features Matters for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 3
- 2022FFPA-Net: Efficient Feature Fusion with Projection Awareness for 3D Object Detectioncited by 3
- 2023Transformer-based stereo-aware 3D object detection from binocular imagescited by 2
- 2024Training an Open-Vocabulary Monocular 3D Object Detection Model without 3D Datacited by 2
7 more
- 2021Scalable Primitives for Generalized Sensor Fusion in Autonomous Vehiclescited by 1
- 2024ALPI: Auto-Labeller with Proxy Injection for 3D Object Detection using 2D Labels Onlycited by 1
- 2024Real-time Stereo-based 3D Object Detection for Streaming Perceptioncited by 1
- 2025CA-W3D: Leveraging Context-Aware Knowledge for Weakly Supervised Monocular 3D Detectioncited by 1
- 2023An Efficient Convex Hull-based Vehicle Pose Estimation Method for 3D LiDARcited by 0
- 2025Camera Movement Estimation and Path Correction using the Combination of Modified A-SIFT and Stereo System for 3D Modellingcited by 0
- 2026Monocular Depth Estimation from a Single Image: Progress and Opportunitiescited by 0
- 2026Monocular Depth Estimation from a Single Image: Progress and Opportunities1 Sep 2026
- 2025Camera Movement Estimation and Path Correction using the Combination of Modified A-SIFT and Stereo System for 3D Modelling22 Mar 2025
- 2025CA-W3D: Leveraging Context-Aware Knowledge for Weakly Supervised Monocular 3D Detection6 Mar 2025
- 2024Training an Open-Vocabulary Monocular 3D Object Detection Model without 3D Data23 Nov 2024
- 2024Real-time Stereo-based 3D Object Detection for Streaming Perception16 Oct 2024
- 2024ALPI: Auto-Labeller with Proxy Injection for 3D Object Detection using 2D Labels Only24 Jul 2024
- 2024Better Monocular 3D Detectors with LiDAR from the Past8 Apr 2024
- 2024Weak-to-Strong 3D Object Detection with X-Ray Distillation31 Mar 2024
- 2023Transformer-based stereo-aware 3D object detection from binocular images24 Apr 2023
- 2023An Efficient Convex Hull-based Vehicle Pose Estimation Method for 3D LiDAR2 Feb 2023
- 2022FFPA-Net: Efficient Feature Fusion with Projection Awareness for 3D Object Detection15 Sep 2022
- 2022Consistency of Implicit and Explicit Features Matters for Monocular 3D Object Detection16 Jul 2022
7 more
- 2022ORA3D: Overlap Region Aware Multi-view 3D Object Detection2 Jul 2022
- 20223D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Survey19 Jun 2022
- 2022Stereo Neural Vernier Caliper21 Mar 2022
- 2022Pseudo-Stereo for Monocular 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Driving4 Mar 2022
- 2021Scalable Primitives for Generalized Sensor Fusion in Autonomous Vehicles1 Dec 2021
- 2021VPFNet: Improving 3D Object Detection with Virtual Point based LiDAR and Stereo Data Fusion29 Nov 2021
- 2021LIGA-Stereo: Learning LiDAR Geometry Aware Representations for Stereo-based 3D Detector18 Aug 2021
- 2024Weak-to-Strong 3D Object Detection with X-Ray Distillation31 Mar 2024
- 20223D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 132
- 2021LIGA-Stereo: Learning LiDAR Geometry Aware Representations for Stereo-based 3D Detectorcited by 70
- 2021VPFNet: Improving 3D Object Detection with Virtual Point based LiDAR and Stereo Data Fusioncited by 48
- 2022Pseudo-Stereo for Monocular 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Drivingcited by 30
- 2022ORA3D: Overlap Region Aware Multi-view 3D Object Detectioncited by 8
- 2024Better Monocular 3D Detectors with LiDAR from the Pastcited by 4
- 2022Stereo Neural Vernier Calipercited by 3
- 2022Consistency of Implicit and Explicit Features Matters for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 3
- 2022FFPA-Net: Efficient Feature Fusion with Projection Awareness for 3D Object Detectioncited by 3
- 2023Transformer-based stereo-aware 3D object detection from binocular imagescited by 2
- 2024Training an Open-Vocabulary Monocular 3D Object Detection Model without 3D Datacited by 2
- 2024ALPI: Auto-Labeller with Proxy Injection for 3D Object Detection using 2D Labels Onlycited by 1
12 most cited of 17 All 17 (JSON)
- 2026Monocular Depth Estimation from a Single Image: Progress and Opportunities1 Sep 2026
- 2025Camera Movement Estimation and Path Correction using the Combination of Modified A-SIFT and Stereo System for 3D Modelling22 Mar 2025
- 2025CA-W3D: Leveraging Context-Aware Knowledge for Weakly Supervised Monocular 3D Detection6 Mar 2025
- 2024Training an Open-Vocabulary Monocular 3D Object Detection Model without 3D Data23 Nov 2024
- 2024Real-time Stereo-based 3D Object Detection for Streaming Perception16 Oct 2024
- 2024ALPI: Auto-Labeller with Proxy Injection for 3D Object Detection using 2D Labels Only24 Jul 2024
- 2024Better Monocular 3D Detectors with LiDAR from the Past8 Apr 2024
- 2023Transformer-based stereo-aware 3D object detection from binocular images24 Apr 2023
- 2023An Efficient Convex Hull-based Vehicle Pose Estimation Method for 3D LiDAR2 Feb 2023
- 2022FFPA-Net: Efficient Feature Fusion with Projection Awareness for 3D Object Detection15 Sep 2022
- 2022Consistency of Implicit and Explicit Features Matters for Monocular 3D Object Detection16 Jul 2022
- 2022ORA3D: Overlap Region Aware Multi-view 3D Object Detection2 Jul 2022
12 newest of 17 All 17 (JSON)