mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

PLUMENet: Efficient 3D Object Detection from Stereo Images

arXiv 2101.06594 ↗First posted 17 Jan 2021cs.CVcited by 19

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Abstract (arXiv)

3D object detection is a key component of many robotic applications such as self-driving vehicles. While many approaches rely on expensive 3D sensors such as LiDAR to produce accurate 3D estimates, methods that exploit stereo cameras have recently shown promising results at a lower cost. Existing approaches tackle this problem in two steps: first depth estimation from stereo images is performed to produce a pseudo LiDAR point cloud, which is then used as input to a 3D object detector. However, this approach is suboptimal due to the representation mismatch, as the two tasks are optimized in two different metric spaces. In this paper we propose a model that unifies these two tasks and performs them in the same metric space. Specifically, we directly construct a pseudo LiDAR feature volume (PLUME) in 3D space, which is then used to solve both depth estimation and object detection tasks. Our approach achieves state-of-the-art performance with much faster inference times when compared to existing methods on the challenging KITTI benchmark.

Key facts. Cited by 19 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 36 of its 47 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Jan 2021.

Builds on

36 of 47 references.

References · 36

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 52,096
  2. 2015Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networkscited by 9,639
  3. 2017Mask R-CNNcited by 7,277
  4. 2016Feature Pyramid Networks for Object Detectioncited by 5,036
  5. 2017PointNet++: Deep Hierarchical Feature Learning on Point Sets in a Metric Spacecited by 4,401
  6. 2018PointPillars: Fast Encoders for Object Detection from Point Cloudscited by 1,715
  7. 2017VoxelNet: End-to-End Learning for Point Cloud Based 3D Object Detectioncited by 1,323
  8. 2018PointRCNN: 3D Object Proposal Generation and Detection from Point Cloudcited by 941
  9. 2019PV-RCNN: Point-Voxel Feature Set Abstraction for 3D Object Detectioncited by 891
  10. 2016Multi-View 3D Object Detection Network for Autonomous Drivingcited by 724
  11. 2017Frustum PointNets for 3D Object Detection from RGB-D Datacited by 640
  12. 2018Pyramid Stereo Matching Networkcited by 489
24 more
  1. 2018Pseudo-LiDAR from Visual Depth Estimation: Bridging the Gap in 3D Object Detection for Autonomous Drivingcited by 457
  2. 2017End-to-End Learning of Geometry and Context for Deep Stereo Regressioncited by 360
  3. 2019PIXOR: Real-time 3D Object Detection from Point Cloudscited by 358
  4. 2019Point-Voxel CNN for Efficient 3D Deep Learningcited by 343
  5. 20163D Bounding Box Estimation Using Deep Learning and Geometrycited by 278
  6. 2020Deep Continuous Fusion for Multi-Sensor 3D Object Detectioncited by 263
  7. 2020Multi-Task Multi-Sensor Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 203
  8. 2018Orthographic Feature Transform for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 202
  9. 2017Learning a Multi-View Stereo Machinecited by 194
  10. 2019Pseudo-LiDAR++: Accurate Depth for 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Drivingcited by 188
  11. 2019Stereo R-CNN based 3D Object Detection for Autonomous Drivingcited by 163
  12. 2015Stereo Matching by Training a Convolutional Neural Network to Compare Image Patchescited by 151
  13. 2019GS3D: An Efficient 3D Object Detection Framework for Autonomous Drivingcited by 106
  14. 2020DSGN: Deep Stereo Geometry Network for 3D Object Detectioncited by 101
  15. 2017Deep MANTA: A Coarse-to-fine Many-Task Network for joint 2D and 3D vehicle analysis from monocular imagecited by 95
  16. 2020End-to-End Pseudo-LiDAR for Image-Based 3D Object Detectioncited by 80
  17. 2020HDNET: Exploiting HD Maps for 3D Object Detectioncited by 78
  18. 20163D Object Proposals using Stereo Imagery for Accurate Object Class Detectioncited by 58
  19. 2020Disp R-CNN: Stereo 3D Object Detection via Shape Prior Guided Instance Disparity Estimationcited by 43
  20. 2020Wasserstein Distances for Stereo Disparity Estimationcited by 38
  21. 2019Object-Centric Stereo Matching for 3D Object Detectioncited by 29
  22. 2020ZoomNet: Part-Aware Adaptive Zooming Neural Network for 3D Object Detectioncited by 25
  23. 2020Confidence Guided Stereo 3D Object Detection with Split Depth Estimationcited by 18
  24. 2016Subcategory-aware Convolutional Neural Networks for Object Proposals and Detectioncited by 17

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 6; 2023: 2; 2024: 5; 2025: 2; 2026: 1.

19 papers.

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  1. 20223D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 132
  2. 2021LIGA-Stereo: Learning LiDAR Geometry Aware Representations for Stereo-based 3D Detectorcited by 70
  3. 2021VPFNet: Improving 3D Object Detection with Virtual Point based LiDAR and Stereo Data Fusioncited by 48
  4. 2022Pseudo-Stereo for Monocular 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Drivingcited by 30
  5. 2022ORA3D: Overlap Region Aware Multi-view 3D Object Detectioncited by 8
  6. 2024Weak-to-Strong 3D Object Detection with X-Ray Distillationcited by 5
  7. 2024Better Monocular 3D Detectors with LiDAR from the Pastcited by 4
  8. 2022Stereo Neural Vernier Calipercited by 3
  9. 2022Consistency of Implicit and Explicit Features Matters for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 3
  10. 2022FFPA-Net: Efficient Feature Fusion with Projection Awareness for 3D Object Detectioncited by 3
  11. 2023Transformer-based stereo-aware 3D object detection from binocular imagescited by 2
  12. 2024Training an Open-Vocabulary Monocular 3D Object Detection Model without 3D Datacited by 2
7 more
  1. 2021Scalable Primitives for Generalized Sensor Fusion in Autonomous Vehiclescited by 1
  2. 2024ALPI: Auto-Labeller with Proxy Injection for 3D Object Detection using 2D Labels Onlycited by 1
  3. 2024Real-time Stereo-based 3D Object Detection for Streaming Perceptioncited by 1
  4. 2025CA-W3D: Leveraging Context-Aware Knowledge for Weakly Supervised Monocular 3D Detectioncited by 1
  5. 2023An Efficient Convex Hull-based Vehicle Pose Estimation Method for 3D LiDARcited by 0
  6. 2025Camera Movement Estimation and Path Correction using the Combination of Modified A-SIFT and Stereo System for 3D Modellingcited by 0
  7. 2026Monocular Depth Estimation from a Single Image: Progress and Opportunitiescited by 0