mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

GENIE: Toward Reproducible and Standardized Human Evaluation for Text Generation

arXiv 2101.06561 ↗First posted 17 Jan 2021cs.CL cs.AIcited by 20

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Abstract (arXiv)

While often assumed a gold standard, effective human evaluation of text generation remains an important, open area for research. We revisit this problem with a focus on producing consistent evaluations that are reproducible -- over time and across different populations. We study this goal in different stages of the human evaluation pipeline. In particular, we consider design choices for the annotation interface used to elicit human judgments and their impact on reproducibility. Furthermore, we develop an automated mechanism for maintaining annotator quality via a probabilistic model that detects and excludes noisy annotators. Putting these lessons together, we introduce GENIE: a system for running standardized human evaluations across different generation tasks. We instantiate GENIE with datasets representing four core challenges in text generation: machine translation, summarization, commonsense reasoning, and machine comprehension. For each task, GENIE offers a leaderboard that automatically crowdsources annotations for submissions, evaluating them along axes such as correctness, conciseness, and fluency. We have made the GENIE leaderboards publicly available, and have already ranked 50 submissions from 10 different research groups. We hope GENIE encourages further progress toward effective, standardized evaluations for text generation.

Key facts. Cited by 20 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 28 of its 72 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Jan 2021.

Builds on

28 of 72 references.

References · 28

  1. 2019Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformercited by 14,599
  2. 2019BART: Denoising Sequence-to-Sequence Pre-training for Natural Language Generation, Translation, and Comprehensioncited by 5,893
  3. 2019BERTScore: Evaluating Text Generation with BERTcited by 5,512
  4. 2014CIDEr: Consensus-based Image Description Evaluationcited by 2,046
  5. 2018A Call for Clarity in Reporting BLEU Scorescited by 1,799
  6. 2018Don't Give Me the Details, Just the Summary! Topic-Aware Convolutional Neural Networks for Extreme Summarizationcited by 1,317
  7. 2020BLEURT: Learning Robust Metrics for Text Generationcited by 1,203
  8. 2019PEGASUS: Pre-training with Extracted Gap-sentences for Abstractive Summarizationcited by 1,102
  9. 2015Teaching Machines to Read and Comprehendcited by 1,049
  10. 2020SummEval: Re-evaluating Summarization Evaluationcited by 674
  11. 2020UnifiedQA: Crossing Format Boundaries With a Single QA Systemcited by 476
  12. 2019Abductive Commonsense Reasoningcited by 301
16 more
  1. 2020Evaluation of Text Generation: A Surveycited by 277
  2. 2019Neural Text Summarization: A Critical Evaluationcited by 189
  3. 2019Unifying Human and Statistical Evaluation for Natural Language Generationcited by 127
  4. 2018Abstractive Summarization of Reddit Posts with Multi-level Memory Networkscited by 102
  5. 2020Back to the Future: Unsupervised Backprop-based Decoding for Counterfactual and Abductive Commonsense Reasoningcited by 65
  6. 2018The price of debiasing automatic metrics in natural language evaluationcited by 60
  7. 2019HYPE: A Benchmark for Human eYe Perceptual Evaluation of Generative Modelscited by 59
  8. 2018Attaining the Unattainable? Reassessing Claims of Human Parity in Neural Machine Translationcited by 58
  9. 2020STORIUM: A Dataset and Evaluation Platform for Machine-in-the-Loop Story Generationcited by 56
  10. 2020MOCHA: A Dataset for Training and Evaluating Generative Reading Comprehension Metricscited by 42
  11. 2019On The Evaluation of Machine Translation Systems Trained With Back-Translationcited by 40
  12. 2019Crowdsourcing Lightweight Pyramids for Manual Summary Evaluationcited by 39
  13. 2019Translationese in Machine Translation Evaluationcited by 38
  14. 2018Efficient Online Scalar Annotation with Bounded Supportcited by 27
  15. 2019HighRES: Highlight-based Reference-less Evaluation of Summarizationcited by 21
  16. 2019Metrology for AI: From Benchmarks to Instrumentscited by 12

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Citing papers per year: 2022: 2; 2023: 8; 2024: 5; 2025: 4; 2026: 1.

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  1. 2023TIFA: Accurate and Interpretable Text-to-Image Faithfulness Evaluation with Question Answeringcited by 428
  2. 2022One Embedder, Any Task: Instruction-Finetuned Text Embeddingscited by 333
  3. 2022News Summarization and Evaluation in the Era of GPT-3cited by 327
  4. 2023Stop Uploading Test Data in Plain Text: Practical Strategies for Mitigating Data Contamination by Evaluation Benchmarkscited by 142
  5. 2023EvalLM: Interactive Evaluation of Large Language Model Prompts on User-Defined Criteriacited by 74
  6. 2024Foundational Autoraters: Taming Large Language Models for Better Automatic Evaluationcited by 74
  7. 2023Evaluating GPT-4 and ChatGPT on Japanese Medical Licensing Examinationscited by 63
  8. 2023Evaluating Evaluation Metrics: A Framework for Analyzing NLG Evaluation Metrics using Measurement Theorycited by 43
  9. 2023Summarizing, Simplifying, and Synthesizing Medical Evidence Using GPT-3 (with Varying Success)cited by 40
  10. 2024Open-ended VQA benchmarking of Vision-Language models by exploiting Classification datasets and their semantic hierarchycited by 26
  11. 2026Pearmut: Human Evaluation of Translation Made Trivialcited by 11
  12. 2025Position: Machine Learning Conferences Should Establish a "Refutations and Critiques" Trackcited by 7
8 more
  1. 2025Evaluating the Evaluators: Are readability metrics good measures of readability?cited by 6
  2. 2025ATEB: Evaluating and Improving Advanced NLP Tasks for Text Embedding Modelscited by 5
  3. 2025A Principle-based Framework for the Development and Evaluation of Large Language Models for Health and Wellnesscited by 3
  4. 2024Tailoring Vaccine Messaging with Common-Ground Opinionscited by 2
  5. 2024What should I wear to a party in a Greek taverna? Evaluation for Conversational Agents in the Fashion Domaincited by 2
  6. 2024A Critical Look at Meta-evaluating Summarisation Evaluation Metricscited by 2
  7. 2023Background Summarization of Event Timelinescited by 1
  8. 2023Zero-shot Conversational Summarization Evaluations with small Large Language Modelscited by 1