mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Annotation-efficient deep learning for automatic medical image segmentation

arXiv 2012.04885 ↗First posted 9 Dec 2020eess.IV cs.CV cs.LGcited by 79

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Abstract (arXiv)

Automatic medical image segmentation plays a critical role in scientific research and medical care. Existing high-performance deep learning methods typically rely on large training datasets with high-quality manual annotations, which are difficult to obtain in many clinical applications. Here, we introduce Annotation-effIcient Deep lEarning (AIDE), an open-source framework to handle imperfect training datasets. Methodological analyses and empirical evaluations are conducted, and we demonstrate that AIDE surpasses conventional fully-supervised models by presenting better performance on open datasets possessing scarce or noisy annotations. We further test AIDE in a real-life case study for breast tumor segmentation. Three datasets containing 11,852 breast images from three medical centers are employed, and AIDE, utilizing 10% training annotations, consistently produces segmentation maps comparable to those generated by fully-supervised counterparts or provided by independent radiologists. The 10-fold enhanced efficiency in utilizing expert labels has the potential to promote a wide range of biomedical applications.

Key facts. Cited by 79 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 9 Dec 2020.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 7; 2023: 9; 2024: 25; 2025: 22; 2026: 15.

79 papers.

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  2. 2024Swin-UMamba: Mamba-based UNet with ImageNet-based pretrainingcited by 179
  3. 2022Warm Start Active Learning with Proxy Labels & Selection via Semi-Supervised Fine-Tuningcited by 21
  4. 2023Cheap Lunch for Medical Image Segmentation by Fine-tuning SAM on Few Exemplarscited by 21
  5. 2022PyMIC: A deep learning toolkit for annotation-efficient medical image segmentationcited by 14
  6. 2023Enhancing Modality-Agnostic Representations via Meta-Learning for Brain Tumor Segmentationcited by 14
  7. 2023Transformer-based Annotation Bias-aware Medical Image Segmentationcited by 8
  8. 2024Generative AI Enables Medical Image Segmentation in Ultra Low-Data Regimescited by 8
  9. 2024Integrating Deep Metric Learning with Coreset for Active Learning in 3D Segmentationcited by 8
  10. 2025Generative Artificial Intelligence in Medical Imaging: Foundations, Progress, and Clinical Translationcited by 8
  11. 2024MLIP: Medical Language-Image Pre-training with Masked Local Representation Learningcited by 7
  12. 2024A multi-modal vision-language model for generalizable annotation-free pathology localizationcited by 7
38 more
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  2. 2024LMOD: A Large Multimodal Ophthalmology Dataset and Benchmark for Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 7
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  4. 2024Enhancing the vision-language foundation model with key semantic knowledge-emphasized report refinementcited by 5
  5. 2025From Gaze to Insight: Bridging Human Visual Attention and Vision Language Model Explanation for Weakly-Supervised Medical Image Segmentationcited by 5
  6. 2025Accelerating Volumetric Medical Image Annotation via Short-Long Memory SAM 2cited by 5
  7. 2024Multimodal self-supervised learning for lesion localizationcited by 4
  8. 20243D-TransUNet for Brain Metastases Segmentation in the BraTS2023 Challengecited by 4
  9. 2024Privacy-Preserving SAM Quantization for Efficient Edge Intelligence in Healthcarecited by 4
  10. 2025Merging Context Clustering with Visual State Space Models for Medical Image Segmentationcited by 4
  11. 2022Semi-Supervised and Self-Supervised Collaborative Learning for Prostate 3D MR Image Segmentationcited by 3
  12. 2024Enhancing Representation in Medical Vision-Language Foundation Models via Multi-Scale Information Extraction Techniquescited by 3
  13. 2024Unified Multi-modal Diagnostic Framework with Reconstruction Pre-training and Heterogeneity-combat Tuningcited by 3
  14. 2024Generating Unseen Nonlinear Evolution in Sea Surface Temperature Using a Deep Learning-Based Latent Space Data Assimilation Frameworkcited by 3
  15. 2025Robust Polyp Detection and Diagnosis through Compositional Prompt-Guided Diffusion Modelscited by 3
  16. 2021Two layer Ensemble of Deep Learning Models for Medical Image Segmentationcited by 2
  17. 2023Expert-Agnostic Ultrasound Image Quality Assessment using Deep Variational Clusteringcited by 2
  18. 2025Towards Trustworthy Dermatology MLLMs: A Benchmark and Multimodal Evaluator for Diagnostic Narrativescited by 2
  19. 2026UniSemAlign: Text-Prototype Alignment with a Foundation Encoder for Semi-Supervised Histopathology Segmentationcited by 2
  20. 2022Improving Data-Efficient Fossil Segmentation via Model Editingcited by 1
  21. 2022Adaptive PromptNet For Auxiliary Glioma Diagnosis without Contrast-Enhanced MRIcited by 1
  22. 2022DIGEST: Deeply supervIsed knowledGE tranSfer neTwork learning for brain tumor segmentation with incomplete multi-modal MRI scanscited by 1
  23. 2023Echocardiogram Foundation Model -- Application 1: Estimating Ejection Fractioncited by 1
  24. 2023Collaborative Learning for Annotation-Efficient Volumetric MR Image Segmentationcited by 1
  25. 2024Leveraging Fixed and Dynamic Pseudo-labels for Semi-supervised Medical Image Segmentationcited by 1
  26. 2024Unleashing the Potential of Open-set Noisy Samples Against Label Noise for Medical Image Classificationcited by 1
  27. 2024Large Language Model-Augmented Auto-Delineation of Treatment Target Volume in Radiation Therapycited by 1
  28. 2024PAM: A Propagation-Based Model for Segmenting Any 3D Objects across Multi-Modal Medical Imagescited by 1
  29. 2024AutoPET Challenge III: Testing the Robustness of Generalized Dice Focal Loss trained 3D Residual UNet for FDG and PSMA Lesion Segmentation from Whole-Body PET/CT Imagescited by 1
  30. 2024Robust Divergence Learning for Missing-Modality Segmentationcited by 1
  31. 2025Embedding-Driven Diversity Sampling to Improve Few-Shot Synthetic Data Generationcited by 1
  32. 2025FMaMIL: Frequency-Driven Mamba Multi-Instance Learning for Weakly Supervised Lesion Segmentation in Medical Imagescited by 1
  33. 2025Unit-Based Histopathology Tissue Segmentation via Multi-Level Feature Representationcited by 1
  34. 2025Joint Holistic and Lesion Controllable Mammogram Synthesis via Gated Conditional Diffusion Modelcited by 1
  35. 2025Cardiac-CLIP: A Vision-Language Foundation Model for 3D Cardiac CT Imagescited by 1
  36. 2025BARL: Bilateral Alignment in Representation and Label Spaces for Semi-Supervised Volumetric Medical Image Segmentationcited by 1
  37. 2026Generating Chest X-Ray Counterfactuals by Specialising Foundation Image Modelscited by 1
  38. 2022Uncertainty-Aware Multi-Parametric Magnetic Resonance Image Information Fusion for 3D Object Segmentationcited by 0

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