PMLB v1.0: An open source dataset collection for benchmarking machine learning methods
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Abstract (arXiv)
Motivation: Novel machine learning and statistical modeling studies rely on standardized comparisons to existing methods using well-studied benchmark datasets. Few tools exist that provide rapid access to many of these datasets through a standardized, user-friendly interface that integrates well with popular data science workflows. Results: This release of PMLB provides the largest collection of diverse, public benchmark datasets for evaluating new machine learning and data science methods aggregated in one location. v1.0 introduces a number of critical improvements developed following discussions with the open-source community. Availability: PMLB is available at https://github.com/EpistasisLab/pmlb. Python and R interfaces for PMLB can be installed through the Python Package Index and Comprehensive R Archive Network, respectively.
Key facts. Cited by 58 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 30 Nov 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 8; 2023: 13; 2024: 10; 2025: 11; 2026: 11.
58 papers.
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- 2022Exhaustive Symbolic Regressioncited by 29
- 2023Deep Generative Symbolic Regressioncited by 28
- 2022Hierarchical Shrinkage: improving the accuracy and interpretability of tree-based methodscited by 19
- 2025Call for Action: towards the next generation of symbolic regression benchmarkcited by 17
- 2022Fast Interpretable Greedy-Tree Sumscited by 13
- 2021Symbolic regression outperforms other models for small data setscited by 12
- 2024Measuring the Energy Consumption and Efficiency of Deep Neural Networks: An Empirical Analysis and Design Recommendationscited by 12
- 2022A Mixing Time Lower Bound for a Simplified Version of BARTcited by 7
- 2023Explanation Shift: How Did the Distribution Shift Impact the Model?cited by 6
- 2023Interpretable Symbolic Regression for Data Science: Analysis of the 2022 Competitioncited by 6
- 2024Learning a Decision Tree Algorithm with Transformerscited by 6
- 2024PMLBmini: A Tabular Classification Benchmark Suite for Data-Scarce Applicationscited by 6
38 more
- 2022Visual Exploration of Machine Learning Model Behavior with Hierarchical Surrogate Rule Setscited by 5
- 2023Homological Neural Networks: A Sparse Architecture for Multivariate Complexitycited by 5
- 2022When Bioprocess Engineering Meets Machine Learning: A Survey from the Perspective of Automated Bioprocess Developmentcited by 4
- 2024DALex: Lexicase-like Selection via Diverse Aggregationcited by 3
- 2024Ab Initio Nonparametric Variable Selection for Scalable Symbolic Regression with Large pcited by 3
- 2021Interpretable Decision Trees Through MaxSATcited by 2
- 2025Large Language Models as Universal Predictors? An Empirical Study on Small Tabular Datasetscited by 2
- 2025metabeta -- A fast neural model for Bayesian mixed-effects regressioncited by 2
- 2026Loss-Driven Bayesian Active Learningcited by 2
- 2026The Case for Model Science: Verify, Explore, Steer, Refinecited by 2
- 2022High Per Parameter: A Large-Scale Study of Hyperparameter Tuning for Machine Learning Algorithmscited by 1
- 2022The BUTTER Zone: An Empirical Study of Training Dynamics in Fully Connected Neural Networkscited by 1
- 2023Classy Ensemble: A Novel Ensemble Algorithm for Classificationcited by 1
- 2023Vertical Symbolic Regressioncited by 1
- 2024Squeezing Lemons with Hammers: An Evaluation of AutoML and Tabular Deep Learning for Data-Scarce Classification Applicationscited by 1
- 2024Concurrent vertical and horizontal federated learning with fuzzy cognitive mapscited by 1
- 2025Optimal Decision Tree Pruning Revisited: Algorithms and Complexitycited by 1
- 2025Light-Weight Benchmarks Reveal the Hidden Hardware Cost of Zero-Shot Tabular Foundation Modelscited by 1
- 2025Towards symbolic regression for interpretable clinical decision scorescited by 1
- 2026Robustness Quantification for Discriminative Models: a New Robustness Metric and its Application to Dynamic Classifier Selectioncited by 1
- 2021Improve High Level Classification with a More Sensitive metric and Optimization approach for Complex Network Buildingcited by 0
- 2021Training Experimentally Robust and Interpretable Binarized Regression Models Using Mixed-Integer Programmingcited by 0
- 2021Pedagogical Rule Extraction to Learn Interpretable Models - an Empirical Studycited by 0
- 2023Neuroevolutionary algorithms driven by neuron coverage metrics for semi-supervised classificationcited by 0
- 2023BELLA: Black box model Explanations by Local Linear Approximationscited by 0
- 2023Bayesian post-hoc regularization of random forestscited by 0
- 2023Genetic heterogeneity analysis using genetic algorithm and network sciencecited by 0
- 2023An Efficient Data Analysis Method for Big Data using Multiple-Model Linear Regressioncited by 0
- 2023Pool-Based Active Learning with Proper Topological Regionscited by 0
- 2023Univariate Radial Basis Function Layers: Brain-inspired Deep Neural Layers for Low-Dimensional Inputscited by 0
- 2024Classification Tree-based Active Learning: A Wrapper Approachcited by 0
- 2024Joint Optimization of Piecewise Linear Ensemblescited by 0
- 2024Multi forests: Variable importance for multi-class outcomescited by 0
- 2025Data-Informed Model Complexity Metric for Optimizing Symbolic Regression Modelscited by 0
- 2025What should an AI assessor optimise for?cited by 0
- 2025NIMO: a Nonlinear Interpretable MOdelcited by 0
- 2025Probabilistic Pretraining for Neural Regressioncited by 0
- 2025Improving Decision Trees through the Lens of Parameterized Local Searchcited by 0
50 most cited of 58 All 58 (JSON)
- 2026Geometry-Constrained Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks: Learning Edge Geometry via Banach Duality26 Aug 2026
- 2026Learning Auditable Classifier Models: Source-Disjoint Tree Ensembles16 Aug 2026
- 2026Bayesian Symbolic Regression with Entropic Reinforcement Learning10 Aug 2026
- 2026The Case for Model Science: Verify, Explore, Steer, Refine31 May 2026
- 2026Loss-Driven Bayesian Active Learning13 Apr 2026
- 2026Synthesizing real-world distributions from high-dimensional Gaussian Noise with Fully Connected Neural Network10 Apr 2026
- 2026Spectral Path Regression: Directional Chebyshev Harmonics for Interpretable Tabular Learning5 Apr 2026
- 2026Robustness Quantification for Discriminative Models: a New Robustness Metric and its Application to Dynamic Classifier Selection24 Mar 2026
- 2026Revisiting Chebyshev Polynomial and Anisotropic RBF Models for Tabular Regression25 Feb 2026
- 2026Interpretability-by-Design with Accurate Locally Additive Models and Conditional Feature Effects18 Feb 2026
- 2026Label-Efficient Monitoring of Classification Models via Stratified Importance Sampling29 Jan 2026
- 2025Towards symbolic regression for interpretable clinical decision scores8 Dec 2025
38 more
- 2025Light-Weight Benchmarks Reveal the Hidden Hardware Cost of Zero-Shot Tabular Foundation Models30 Nov 2025
- 2025Improving Decision Trees through the Lens of Parameterized Local Search14 Oct 2025
- 2025metabeta -- A fast neural model for Bayesian mixed-effects regression8 Oct 2025
- 2025Large Language Models as Universal Predictors? An Empirical Study on Small Tabular Datasets24 Aug 2025
- 2025Probabilistic Pretraining for Neural Regression22 Aug 2025
- 2025NIMO: a Nonlinear Interpretable MOdel5 Jun 2025
- 2025Call for Action: towards the next generation of symbolic regression benchmark6 May 2025
- 2025Optimal Decision Tree Pruning Revisited: Algorithms and Complexity5 Mar 2025
- 2025What should an AI assessor optimise for?1 Feb 2025
- 2025Data-Informed Model Complexity Metric for Optimizing Symbolic Regression Models29 Jan 2025
- 2024Concurrent vertical and horizontal federated learning with fuzzy cognitive maps17 Dec 2024
- 2024Ab Initio Nonparametric Variable Selection for Scalable Symbolic Regression with Large p17 Oct 2024
- 2024Multi forests: Variable importance for multi-class outcomes13 Sep 2024
- 2024PMLBmini: A Tabular Classification Benchmark Suite for Data-Scarce Applications3 Sep 2024
- 2024Squeezing Lemons with Hammers: An Evaluation of AutoML and Tabular Deep Learning for Data-Scarce Classification Applications13 May 2024
- 2024Joint Optimization of Piecewise Linear Ensembles1 May 2024
- 2024Classification Tree-based Active Learning: A Wrapper Approach15 Apr 2024
- 2024Measuring the Energy Consumption and Efficiency of Deep Neural Networks: An Empirical Analysis and Design Recommendations13 Mar 2024
- 2024Learning a Decision Tree Algorithm with Transformers6 Feb 2024
- 2024DALex: Lexicase-like Selection via Diverse Aggregation23 Jan 2024
- 2023Deep Generative Symbolic Regression30 Dec 2023
- 2023Vertical Symbolic Regression19 Dec 2023
- 2023Univariate Radial Basis Function Layers: Brain-inspired Deep Neural Layers for Low-Dimensional Inputs7 Nov 2023
- 2023Pool-Based Active Learning with Proper Topological Regions2 Oct 2023
- 2023An Efficient Data Analysis Method for Big Data using Multiple-Model Linear Regression24 Aug 2023
- 2023Genetic heterogeneity analysis using genetic algorithm and network science12 Aug 2023
- 2023Homological Neural Networks: A Sparse Architecture for Multivariate Complexity27 Jun 2023
- 2023Bayesian post-hoc regularization of random forests6 Jun 2023
- 2023BELLA: Black box model Explanations by Local Linear Approximations18 May 2023
- 2023Interpretable Symbolic Regression for Data Science: Analysis of the 2022 Competition3 Apr 2023
- 2023Explanation Shift: How Did the Distribution Shift Impact the Model?14 Mar 2023
- 2023Neuroevolutionary algorithms driven by neuron coverage metrics for semi-supervised classification5 Mar 2023
- 2023Classy Ensemble: A Novel Ensemble Algorithm for Classification21 Feb 2023
- 2022Exhaustive Symbolic Regression21 Nov 2022
- 2022A Mixing Time Lower Bound for a Simplified Version of BART17 Oct 2022
- 2022When Bioprocess Engineering Meets Machine Learning: A Survey from the Perspective of Automated Bioprocess Development2 Sep 2022
- 2022The BUTTER Zone: An Empirical Study of Training Dynamics in Fully Connected Neural Networks25 Jul 2022
- 2022High Per Parameter: A Large-Scale Study of Hyperparameter Tuning for Machine Learning Algorithms13 Jul 2022
50 newest of 58 All 58 (JSON)
- 2022Exhaustive Symbolic Regressioncited by 29
- 2023Deep Generative Symbolic Regressioncited by 28
- 2022Hierarchical Shrinkage: improving the accuracy and interpretability of tree-based methodscited by 19
- 2025Call for Action: towards the next generation of symbolic regression benchmarkcited by 17
- 2022Fast Interpretable Greedy-Tree Sumscited by 13
- 2021Symbolic regression outperforms other models for small data setscited by 12
- 2024Measuring the Energy Consumption and Efficiency of Deep Neural Networks: An Empirical Analysis and Design Recommendationscited by 12
- 2022A Mixing Time Lower Bound for a Simplified Version of BARTcited by 7
- 2023Explanation Shift: How Did the Distribution Shift Impact the Model?cited by 6
- 2023Interpretable Symbolic Regression for Data Science: Analysis of the 2022 Competitioncited by 6
- 2024Learning a Decision Tree Algorithm with Transformerscited by 6
- 2024PMLBmini: A Tabular Classification Benchmark Suite for Data-Scarce Applicationscited by 6
12 most cited of 57 All 57 (JSON)
- 2026Geometry-Constrained Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks: Learning Edge Geometry via Banach Duality26 Aug 2026
- 2026Learning Auditable Classifier Models: Source-Disjoint Tree Ensembles16 Aug 2026
- 2026The Case for Model Science: Verify, Explore, Steer, Refine31 May 2026
- 2026Loss-Driven Bayesian Active Learning13 Apr 2026
- 2026Synthesizing real-world distributions from high-dimensional Gaussian Noise with Fully Connected Neural Network10 Apr 2026
- 2026Spectral Path Regression: Directional Chebyshev Harmonics for Interpretable Tabular Learning5 Apr 2026
- 2026Robustness Quantification for Discriminative Models: a New Robustness Metric and its Application to Dynamic Classifier Selection24 Mar 2026
- 2026Revisiting Chebyshev Polynomial and Anisotropic RBF Models for Tabular Regression25 Feb 2026
- 2026Interpretability-by-Design with Accurate Locally Additive Models and Conditional Feature Effects18 Feb 2026
- 2026Label-Efficient Monitoring of Classification Models via Stratified Importance Sampling29 Jan 2026
- 2025Towards symbolic regression for interpretable clinical decision scores8 Dec 2025
- 2025Light-Weight Benchmarks Reveal the Hidden Hardware Cost of Zero-Shot Tabular Foundation Models30 Nov 2025
12 newest of 57 All 57 (JSON)