Light-Weight Benchmarks Reveal the Hidden Hardware Cost of Zero-Shot Tabular Foundation Models
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Abstract (arXiv)
Zero-shot foundation models (FMs) promise training-free prediction on tabular data, yet their hardware footprint remains poorly characterized. We present a fully reproducible benchmark that reports test accuracy together with wall-clock latency, peak CPU RAM, and peak GPU VRAM on four public datasets: Adult-Income, Higgs-100k, Wine-Quality, and California-Housing. Two open FMs (TabPFN-1.0 and TabICL-base) are compared against tuned XGBoost, LightGBM, and Random Forest baselines on a single NVIDIA T4 GPU. The tree ensembles equal or surpass FM accuracy on three datasets while completing full-test batches in <= 0.40 s and <= 150 MB RAM, using zero VRAM. TabICL achieves a 0.8 percentage-point gain on Higgs but requires roughly 40,000 times more latency (960 s) and 9 GB VRAM. TabPFN matches tree-model accuracy on Wine and Housing but peaks at 4 GB VRAM and cannot process the full 100k-row Higgs table. These results quantify the substantial hardware-versus-accuracy trade-offs in current tabular FMs and provide an open baseline for future efficiency-oriented research.
Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 12 of its 19 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 Nov 2025.
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12 of 19 references.
References · 12
- 2016XGBoost: A Scalable Tree Boosting Systemcited by 5,166
- 2020Rethinking Attention with Performerscited by 1,601
- 2021Revisiting Deep Learning Models for Tabular Datacited by 740
- 2019TabNet: Attentive Interpretable Tabular Learningcited by 648
- 2020TabTransformer: Tabular Data Modeling Using Contextual Embeddingscited by 409
- 2020TaBERT: Pretraining for Joint Understanding of Textual and Tabular Datacited by 398
- 2021SAINT: Improved Neural Networks for Tabular Data via Row Attention and Contrastive Pre-Trainingcited by 319
- 2025TabICL: A Tabular Foundation Model for In-Context Learning on Large Datacited by 289
- 2019Neural Oblivious Decision Ensembles for Deep Learning on Tabular Datacited by 203
- 2024CARTE: Pretraining and Transfer for Tabular Learningcited by 76
- 2023TabR: Tabular Deep Learning Meets Nearest Neighbors in 2023cited by 74
- 2020PMLB v1.0: An open source dataset collection for benchmarking machine learning methodscited by 58
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Citing papers per year: 2026: 1.
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- 2026TACTICL: Task-Aware Compression of Tabular ICL Modelscited by 4
- 2026TACTICL: Task-Aware Compression of Tabular ICL Models11 Aug 2026