mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

RELLIS-3D Dataset: Data, Benchmarks and Analysis

arXiv 2011.12954 ↗First posted 17 Nov 2020cs.CV cs.ROcited by 118

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Abstract (arXiv)

Semantic scene understanding is crucial for robust and safe autonomous navigation, particularly so in off-road environments. Recent deep learning advances for 3D semantic segmentation rely heavily on large sets of training data, however existing autonomy datasets either represent urban environments or lack multimodal off-road data. We fill this gap with RELLIS-3D, a multimodal dataset collected in an off-road environment, which contains annotations for 13,556 LiDAR scans and 6,235 images. The data was collected on the Rellis Campus of Texas A&M University and presents challenges to existing algorithms related to class imbalance and environmental topography. Additionally, we evaluate the current state-of-the-art deep learning semantic segmentation models on this dataset. Experimental results show that RELLIS-3D presents challenges for algorithms designed for segmentation in urban environments. This novel dataset provides the resources needed by researchers to continue to develop more advanced algorithms and investigate new research directions to enhance autonomous navigation in off-road environments. RELLIS-3D is available at https://github.com/unmannedlab/RELLIS-3D

Key facts. Cited by 118 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 17 Nov 2020.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 9; 2022: 12; 2023: 19; 2024: 28; 2025: 32; 2026: 18.

118 papers.

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  1. 2023Segment Any Point Cloud Sequences by Distilling Vision Foundation Modelscited by 123
  2. 2022Multi-modal Sensor Fusion for Auto Driving Perception: A Surveycited by 73
  3. 2024Multi-Modal Data-Efficient 3D Scene Understanding for Autonomous Drivingcited by 53
  4. 2021GANav: Efficient Terrain Segmentation for Robot Navigation in Unstructured Outdoor Environmentscited by 51
  5. 2023The GOOSE Dataset for Perception in Unstructured Environmentscited by 36
  6. 2025TartanGround: A Large-Scale Dataset for Ground Robot Perception and Navigationcited by 35
  7. 2022ORFD: A Dataset and Benchmark for Off-Road Freespace Detectioncited by 33
  8. 20244D Contrastive Superflows are Dense 3D Representation Learnerscited by 32
  9. 2023Towards Robust Robot 3D Perception in Urban Environments: The UT Campus Object Datasetcited by 28
  10. 2024The Oxford Spires Dataset: Benchmarking Large-Scale LiDAR-Visual Localisation, Reconstruction and Radiance Field Methodscited by 27
  11. 2025UAVScenes: A Multi-Modal Dataset for UAVscited by 26
  12. 2024Is Your LiDAR Placement Optimized for 3D Scene Understanding?cited by 25
38 more
  1. 2023Learning Off-Road Terrain Traversability with Self-Supervisions Onlycited by 24
  2. 2023What a MESS: Multi-Domain Evaluation of Zero-Shot Semantic Segmentationcited by 24
  3. 2024Multi-Space Alignments Towards Universal LiDAR Segmentationcited by 24
  4. 2024RoadRunner -- Learning Traversability Estimation for Autonomous Off-road Drivingcited by 23
  5. 2022Self-Supervised Traversability Prediction by Learning to Reconstruct Safe Terraincited by 21
  6. 2022ScaTE: A Scalable Framework for Self-Supervised Traversability Estimation in Unstructured Environmentscited by 21
  7. 2023Deep Learning for Camera Calibration and Beyond: A Surveycited by 20
  8. 2025LiMoE: Mixture of LiDAR Representation Learners from Automotive Scenescited by 19
  9. 2021OFFSEG: A Semantic Segmentation Framework For Off-Road Drivingcited by 18
  10. 2022Risk-Aware Off-Road Navigation via a Learned Speed Distribution Mapcited by 17
  11. 2023WildScenes: A Benchmark for 2D and 3D Semantic Segmentation in Large-scale Natural Environmentscited by 16
  12. 2023Learning Risk-Aware Costmaps via Inverse Reinforcement Learning for Off-Road Navigationcited by 15
  13. 2021CalibDNN: Multimodal Sensor Calibration for Perception Using Deep Neural Networkscited by 14
  14. 2022Online Segmentation of LiDAR Sequences: Dataset and Algorithmcited by 14
  15. 2025GaussianFormer3D: Multi-Modal Gaussian-based Semantic Occupancy Prediction with 3D Deformable Attentioncited by 14
  16. 2024Excavating in the Wild: The GOOSE-Ex Dataset for Semantic Segmentationcited by 12
  17. 2022IDD-3D: Indian Driving Dataset for 3D Unstructured Road Scenescited by 11
  18. 2025LargeAD: Large-Scale Cross-Sensor Data Pretraining for Autonomous Drivingcited by 11
  19. 2023STERLING: Self-Supervised Terrain Representation Learning from Unconstrained Robot Experiencecited by 10
  20. 2023ConvBKI: Real-Time Probabilistic Semantic Mapping Network with Quantifiable Uncertaintycited by 10
  21. 2024Reflectivity Is All You Need!: Advancing LiDAR Semantic Segmentationcited by 9
  22. 2024WildOcc: A Benchmark for Off-Road 3D Semantic Occupancy Predictioncited by 9
  23. 2023FinnWoodlands Datasetcited by 8
  24. 2023RSRD: A Road Surface Reconstruction Dataset and Benchmark for Safe and Comfortable Autonomous Drivingcited by 8
  25. 2025Advancing Off-Road Autonomous Driving: The Large-Scale ORAD-3D Dataset and Comprehensive Benchmarkscited by 8
  26. 20253EED: Ground Everything Everywhere in 3Dcited by 8
  27. 2021SemCal: Semantic LiDAR-Camera Calibration using Neural MutualInformation Estimatorcited by 7
  28. 2024Autonomous Driving in Unstructured Environments: How Far Have We Come?cited by 7
  29. 2025Beyond One Shot, Beyond One Perspective: Cross-View and Long-Horizon Distillation for Better LiDAR Representationscited by 7
  30. 2021Memory-based Semantic Segmentation for Off-road Unstructured Natural Environmentscited by 6
  31. 2023CoverNav: Cover Following Navigation Planning in Unstructured Outdoor Environment with Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 6
  32. 2023Wait, That Feels Familiar: Learning to Extrapolate Human Preferences for Preference Aligned Path Planningcited by 6
  33. 2024Evidential Semantic Mapping in Off-road Environments with Uncertainty-aware Bayesian Kernel Inferencecited by 6
  34. 2024Deep Learning on 3D Semantic Segmentation: A Detailed Reviewcited by 6
  35. 2025TimberVision: A Multi-Task Dataset and Framework for Log-Component Segmentation and Tracking in Autonomous Forestry Operationscited by 6
  36. 2025PhysGS: Bayesian-Inferred Gaussian Splatting for Physical Property Estimationcited by 6
  37. 2022Contrastive Learning of Features between Images and LiDARcited by 5
  38. 2022TAS-NIR: A VIS+NIR Dataset for Fine-grained Semantic Segmentation in Unstructured Outdoor Environmentscited by 5

50 most cited of 118 All 118 (JSON)