mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

ORFD: A Dataset and Benchmark for Off-Road Freespace Detection

arXiv 2206.09907 ↗First posted 20 Jun 2022cs.CVcited by 33

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Abstract (arXiv)

Freespace detection is an essential component of autonomous driving technology and plays an important role in trajectory planning. In the last decade, deep learning-based free space detection methods have been proved feasible. However, these efforts were focused on urban road environments and few deep learning-based methods were specifically designed for off-road free space detection due to the lack of off-road benchmarks. In this paper, we present the ORFD dataset, which, to our knowledge, is the first off-road free space detection dataset. The dataset was collected in different scenes (woodland, farmland, grassland, and countryside), different weather conditions (sunny, rainy, foggy, and snowy), and different light conditions (bright light, daylight, twilight, darkness), which totally contains 12,198 LiDAR point cloud and RGB image pairs with the traversable area, non-traversable area and unreachable area annotated in detail. We propose a novel network named OFF-Net, which unifies Transformer architecture to aggregate local and global information, to meet the requirement of large receptive fields for free space detection tasks. We also propose the cross-attention to dynamically fuse LiDAR and RGB image information for accurate off-road free space detection. Dataset and code are publicly available athttps://github.com/chaytonmin/OFF-Net.

Key facts. Cited by 33 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 11 of its 24 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 20 Jun 2022.

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11 of 24 references.

References · 11

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 52,096
  2. 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,305
  3. 2014Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognitioncited by 15,364
  4. 2019nuScenes: A multimodal dataset for autonomous drivingcited by 4,523
  5. 2016Gaussian Error Linear Units (GELUs)cited by 3,502
  6. 2021SegFormer: Simple and Efficient Design for Semantic Segmentation with Transformerscited by 2,940
  7. 2019Scalability in Perception for Autonomous Driving: Waymo Open Datasetcited by 2,451
  8. 2020RELLIS-3D Dataset: Data, Benchmarks and Analysiscited by 119
  9. 2020SNE-RoadSeg: Incorporating Surface Normal Information into Semantic Segmentation for Accurate Freespace Detectioncited by 66
  10. 2019Progressive LiDAR Adaptation for Road Detectioncited by 37
  11. 2020Three-Filters-to-Normal: An Accurate and Ultrafast Surface Normal Estimatorcited by 14

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 7; 2024: 13; 2025: 5; 2026: 7.

33 papers.

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  1. 2023The GOOSE Dataset for Perception in Unstructured Environmentscited by 37
  2. 2023RoadFormer: Duplex Transformer for RGB-Normal Semantic Road Scene Parsingcited by 27
  3. 2023WildScenes: A Benchmark for 2D and 3D Semantic Segmentation in Large-scale Natural Environmentscited by 17
  4. 2024S3M-Net: Joint Learning of Semantic Segmentation and Stereo Matching for Autonomous Drivingcited by 15
  5. 2024Excavating in the Wild: The GOOSE-Ex Dataset for Semantic Segmentationcited by 13
  6. 2024RoadFormer+: Delivering RGB-X Scene Parsing through Scale-Aware Information Decoupling and Advanced Heterogeneous Feature Fusioncited by 10
  7. 2024WildOcc: A Benchmark for Off-Road 3D Semantic Occupancy Predictioncited by 10
  8. 2024SNE-RoadSegV2: Advancing Heterogeneous Feature Fusion and Fallibility Awareness for Freespace Detectioncited by 8
  9. 2024LIX: Implicitly Infusing Spatial Geometric Prior Knowledge into Visual Semantic Segmentation for Autonomous Drivingcited by 8
  10. 2025Advancing Off-Road Autonomous Driving: The Large-Scale ORAD-3D Dataset and Comprehensive Benchmarkscited by 8
  11. 2024Autonomous Driving in Unstructured Environments: How Far Have We Come?cited by 7
  12. 2025ROD: RGB-Only Fast and Efficient Off-road Freespace Detectioncited by 5
21 more
  1. 2023Adaptive-Mask Fusion Network for Segmentation of Drivable Road and Negative Obstacle With Untrustworthy Featurescited by 3
  2. 2024Survey on Datasets for Perception in Unstructured Outdoor Environmentscited by 3
  3. 2024TiCoSS: Tightening the Coupling between Semantic Segmentation and Stereo Matching within A Joint Learning Frameworkcited by 3
  4. 2023URA*: Uncertainty-aware Path Planning using Image-based Aerial-to-Ground Traversability Estimation for Off-road Environmentscited by 2
  5. 2024SPVSoAP3D: A Second-order Average Pooling Approach to enhance 3D Place Recognition in Horticultural Environmentscited by 2
  6. 2026From General Vision to Reliable Traversability Estimation: Adapting Vision Foundation Models for Unstructured Outdoor Environmentscited by 2
  7. 2022Uncertainty-aware Perception Models for Off-road Autonomous Unmanned Ground Vehiclescited by 1
  8. 2023Analysis of LiDAR Configurations on Off-road Semantic Segmentation Performancecited by 1
  9. 2024TE-NeXt: A LiDAR-Based 3D Sparse Convolutional Network for Traversability Estimationcited by 1
  10. 2024Task-Oriented Pre-Training for Drivable Area Detectioncited by 1
  11. 2025Panoptic-CUDAL: Rural Australia Point Cloud Dataset in Rainy Conditionscited by 1
  12. 2025TOMD: A Trail-based Off-road Multimodal Dataset for Traversable Pathway Segmentation under Challenging Illumination Conditionscited by 1
  13. 2026Advanced techniques and applications of LiDAR Place Recognition in Agricultural Environments: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 1
  14. 2026LiteViLNet: Lightweight Vision-LiDAR Fusion Network for Efficient Road Segmentationcited by 1
  15. 2023Pseudo-Trilateral Adversarial Training for Domain Adaptive Traversability Predictioncited by 0
  16. 20243DTTNet: Multimodal Fusion-Based 3D Traversable Terrain Modeling for Off-Road Environmentscited by 0
  17. 2025Fully Exploiting Vision Foundation Model's Profound Prior Knowledge for Generalizable RGB-Depth Driving Scene Parsingcited by 0
  18. 2026OT-Drive: Out-of-Distribution Off-Road Traversable Area Segmentation via Optimal Transportcited by 0
  19. 2026Wild-Drive: Off-Road Scene Captioning and Path Planning via Robust Multi-modal Routing and Efficient Large Language Modelcited by 0
  20. 2026Towards All-Day Perception for Off-Road Driving: A Large-Scale Multispectral Dataset and Comprehensive Benchmarkcited by 0
  21. 2026IAF-Net: Illumination-Adaptive Fusion for Low-Light Urban Road Segmentationcited by 0