A Benchmark for Lease Contract Review
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Abstract (arXiv)
Extracting entities and other useful information from legal contracts is an important task whose automation can help legal professionals perform contract reviews more efficiently and reduce relevant risks. In this paper, we tackle the problem of detecting two different types of elements that play an important role in a contract review, namely entities and red flags. The latter are terms or sentences that indicate that there is some danger or other potentially problematic situation for one or more of the signing parties. We focus on supporting the review of lease agreements, a contract type that has received little attention in the legal information extraction literature, and we define the types of entities and red flags needed for that task. We release a new benchmark dataset of 179 lease agreement documents that we have manually annotated with the entities and red flags they contain, and which can be used to train and test relevant extraction algorithms. Finally, we release a new language model, called ALeaseBERT, pre-trained on this dataset and fine-tuned for the detection of the aforementioned elements, providing a baseline for further research
Key facts. Cited by 26 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 20 Oct 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 5; 2023: 4; 2024: 5; 2025: 5; 2026: 4.
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- 2021CUAD: An Expert-Annotated NLP Dataset for Legal Contract Reviewcited by 236
- 2021ContractNLI: A Dataset for Document-level Natural Language Inference for Contractscited by 148
- 2021AMMUS : A Survey of Transformer-based Pretrained Models in Natural Language Processingcited by 131
- 2022Pile of Law: Learning Responsible Data Filtering from the Law and a 256GB Open-Source Legal Datasetcited by 113
- 2022Fengshenbang 1.0: Being the Foundation of Chinese Cognitive Intelligencecited by 70
- 2023MAUD: An Expert-Annotated Legal NLP Dataset for Merger Agreement Understandingcited by 33
- 2023Unlocking Practical Applications in Legal Domain: Evaluation of GPT for Zero-Shot Semantic Annotation of Legal Textscited by 33
- 2025ACORD: An Expert-Annotated Retrieval Dataset for Legal Contract Draftingcited by 11
- 2023The Law and NLP: Bridging Disciplinary Disconnectscited by 8
- 2024KidLM: Advancing Language Models for Children -- Early Insights and Future Directionscited by 8
- 2022Agent-Specific Deontic Modality Detection in Legal Languagecited by 7
- 2025AIReg-Bench: Benchmarking Language Models That Assess AI Regulation Compliancecited by 6
14 more
- 2022ConReader: Exploring Implicit Relations in Contracts for Contract Clause Extractioncited by 5
- 2024Automating IRAC Analysis in Malaysian Contract Law using a Semi-Structured Knowledge Basecited by 5
- 2024RealKIE: Five Novel Datasets for Enterprise Key Information Extractioncited by 4
- 2026Real-Time Trustworthiness Scoring for LLM Structured Outputs and Data Extractioncited by 3
- 2024Extracting Norms from Contracts Via ChatGPT: Opportunities and Challengescited by 2
- 2024Green AI in Action: Strategic Model Selection for Ensembles in Productioncited by 2
- 2026ContractScrub: A benchmark for final review of legal contractscited by 1
- 2022To Tune or Not To Tune? Zero-shot Models for Legal Case Entailmentcited by 0
- 2023Investigating Strategies for Clause Recommendationcited by 0
- 2025LLMs for Legal Subsumption in German Employment Contractscited by 0
- 2025LLMs for LLMs: A Structured Prompting Methodology for Long Legal Documentscited by 0
- 2025Streamlining Industrial Contract Management with Retrieval-Augmented LLMscited by 0
- 2026A Two-Stage Architecture for NDA Analysis: LLM-based Segmentation and Transformer-based Clause Classificationcited by 0
- 2026Accurate Legal Reasoning at Scale: Neuro-Symbolic Offloading and Structural Auditability for Robust Legal Adjudicationcited by 0
- 2026ContractScrub: A benchmark for final review of legal contracts20 Aug 2026
- 2026Accurate Legal Reasoning at Scale: Neuro-Symbolic Offloading and Structural Auditability for Robust Legal Adjudication4 May 2026
- 2026Real-Time Trustworthiness Scoring for LLM Structured Outputs and Data Extraction24 Feb 2026
- 2026A Two-Stage Architecture for NDA Analysis: LLM-based Segmentation and Transformer-based Clause Classification13 Feb 2026
- 2025Streamlining Industrial Contract Management with Retrieval-Augmented LLMs18 Nov 2025
- 2025AIReg-Bench: Benchmarking Language Models That Assess AI Regulation Compliance1 Oct 2025
- 2025LLMs for LLMs: A Structured Prompting Methodology for Long Legal Documents2 Sep 2025
- 2025LLMs for Legal Subsumption in German Employment Contracts2 Jul 2025
- 2025ACORD: An Expert-Annotated Retrieval Dataset for Legal Contract Drafting11 Jan 2025
- 2024KidLM: Advancing Language Models for Children -- Early Insights and Future Directions4 Oct 2024
- 2024Automating IRAC Analysis in Malaysian Contract Law using a Semi-Structured Knowledge Base19 Jun 2024
- 2024Green AI in Action: Strategic Model Selection for Ensembles in Production21 May 2024
14 more
- 2024Extracting Norms from Contracts Via ChatGPT: Opportunities and Challenges2 Apr 2024
- 2024RealKIE: Five Novel Datasets for Enterprise Key Information Extraction29 Mar 2024
- 2023The Law and NLP: Bridging Disciplinary Disconnects22 Oct 2023
- 2023Unlocking Practical Applications in Legal Domain: Evaluation of GPT for Zero-Shot Semantic Annotation of Legal Texts8 May 2023
- 2023Investigating Strategies for Clause Recommendation21 Jan 2023
- 2023MAUD: An Expert-Annotated Legal NLP Dataset for Merger Agreement Understanding2 Jan 2023
- 2022Agent-Specific Deontic Modality Detection in Legal Language23 Nov 2022
- 2022ConReader: Exploring Implicit Relations in Contracts for Contract Clause Extraction17 Oct 2022
- 2022Fengshenbang 1.0: Being the Foundation of Chinese Cognitive Intelligence7 Sep 2022
- 2022Pile of Law: Learning Responsible Data Filtering from the Law and a 256GB Open-Source Legal Dataset1 Jul 2022
- 2022To Tune or Not To Tune? Zero-shot Models for Legal Case Entailment7 Feb 2022
- 2021ContractNLI: A Dataset for Document-level Natural Language Inference for Contracts5 Oct 2021
- 2021AMMUS : A Survey of Transformer-based Pretrained Models in Natural Language Processing12 Aug 2021
- 2021CUAD: An Expert-Annotated NLP Dataset for Legal Contract Review10 Mar 2021
- 2022Agent-Specific Deontic Modality Detection in Legal Language23 Nov 2022
- 2021CUAD: An Expert-Annotated NLP Dataset for Legal Contract Reviewcited by 236
- 2021ContractNLI: A Dataset for Document-level Natural Language Inference for Contractscited by 148
- 2021AMMUS : A Survey of Transformer-based Pretrained Models in Natural Language Processingcited by 131
- 2022Pile of Law: Learning Responsible Data Filtering from the Law and a 256GB Open-Source Legal Datasetcited by 113
- 2022Fengshenbang 1.0: Being the Foundation of Chinese Cognitive Intelligencecited by 70
- 2023MAUD: An Expert-Annotated Legal NLP Dataset for Merger Agreement Understandingcited by 33
- 2023Unlocking Practical Applications in Legal Domain: Evaluation of GPT for Zero-Shot Semantic Annotation of Legal Textscited by 33
- 2025ACORD: An Expert-Annotated Retrieval Dataset for Legal Contract Draftingcited by 11
- 2023The Law and NLP: Bridging Disciplinary Disconnectscited by 8
- 2024KidLM: Advancing Language Models for Children -- Early Insights and Future Directionscited by 8
- 2025AIReg-Bench: Benchmarking Language Models That Assess AI Regulation Compliancecited by 6
- 2022ConReader: Exploring Implicit Relations in Contracts for Contract Clause Extractioncited by 5
12 most cited of 23 All 23 (JSON)
- 2026ContractScrub: A benchmark for final review of legal contracts20 Aug 2026
- 2026Real-Time Trustworthiness Scoring for LLM Structured Outputs and Data Extraction24 Feb 2026
- 2026A Two-Stage Architecture for NDA Analysis: LLM-based Segmentation and Transformer-based Clause Classification13 Feb 2026
- 2025AIReg-Bench: Benchmarking Language Models That Assess AI Regulation Compliance1 Oct 2025
- 2025LLMs for LLMs: A Structured Prompting Methodology for Long Legal Documents2 Sep 2025
- 2025LLMs for Legal Subsumption in German Employment Contracts2 Jul 2025
- 2025ACORD: An Expert-Annotated Retrieval Dataset for Legal Contract Drafting11 Jan 2025
- 2024KidLM: Advancing Language Models for Children -- Early Insights and Future Directions4 Oct 2024
- 2024Automating IRAC Analysis in Malaysian Contract Law using a Semi-Structured Knowledge Base19 Jun 2024
- 2024Green AI in Action: Strategic Model Selection for Ensembles in Production21 May 2024
- 2024Extracting Norms from Contracts Via ChatGPT: Opportunities and Challenges2 Apr 2024
- 2024RealKIE: Five Novel Datasets for Enterprise Key Information Extraction29 Mar 2024
12 newest of 23 All 23 (JSON)