LiFT: A Scalable Framework for Measuring Fairness in ML Applications
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Abstract (arXiv)
Many internet applications are powered by machine learned models, which are usually trained on labeled datasets obtained through either implicit / explicit user feedback signals or human judgments. Since societal biases may be present in the generation of such datasets, it is possible for the trained models to be biased, thereby resulting in potential discrimination and harms for disadvantaged groups. Motivated by the need for understanding and addressing algorithmic bias in web-scale ML systems and the limitations of existing fairness toolkits, we present the LinkedIn Fairness Toolkit (LiFT), a framework for scalable computation of fairness metrics as part of large ML systems. We highlight the key requirements in deployed settings, and present the design of our fairness measurement system. We discuss the challenges encountered in incorporating fairness tools in practice and the lessons learned during deployment at LinkedIn. Finally, we provide open problems based on practical experience.
Key facts. Cited by 22 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 14 Aug 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 4; 2023: 7; 2024: 5; 2025: 3; 2026: 1.
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- 2023Benchmarking Algorithmic Bias in Face Recognition: An Experimental Approach Using Synthetic Faces and Human Evaluationcited by 25
- 2022Debiasing Methods for Fairer Neural Models in Vision and Language Research: A Surveycited by 22
- 2022Longitudinal Fairness with Censorshipcited by 21
- 2022De-biasing "bias" measurementcited by 20
- 2023Bias and Fairness in Chatbots: An Overviewcited by 20
- 2021Amazon SageMaker Clarify: Machine Learning Bias Detection and Explainability in the Cloudcited by 19
- 2021A Framework for Fairness: A Systematic Review of Existing Fair AI Solutionscited by 18
- 2024The Pursuit of Fairness in Artificial Intelligence Models: A Surveycited by 13
- 2024Establishing and Evaluating Trustworthy AI: Overview and Research Challengescited by 12
- 2023Individual Fairness under Uncertaintycited by 11
- 2023Disentangling and Operationalizing AI Fairness at LinkedIncited by 7
- 2023When Fair Classification Meets Noisy Protected Attributescited by 6
10 more
- 2022Subverting Fair Image Search with Generative Adversarial Perturbationscited by 5
- 2025LangFair: A Python Package for Assessing Bias and Fairness in Large Language Model Use Casescited by 5
- 2024A Catalog of Fairness-Aware Practices in Machine Learning Engineeringcited by 4
- 2023Linking convolutional kernel size to generalization bias in face analysis CNNscited by 1
- 2024Navigating Fairness: Practitioners' Understanding, Challenges, and Strategies in AI/ML Developmentcited by 1
- 2024From Expectation to Habit: Why Do Software Practitioners Adopt Fairness Toolkits?cited by 1
- 2025An Analysis of the New EU AI Act and A Proposed Standardization Framework for Machine Learning Fairnesscited by 1
- 2023Assessing Perceived Fairness from Machine Learning Developer's Perspectivecited by 0
- 2025Evaluation of AI Ethics Tools in Language Models: A Developers' Perspective Case Studycited by 0
- 2026Nishpaksh: TEC Standard-Compliant Framework for Fairness Auditing and Certification of AI Modelscited by 0
- 2026Nishpaksh: TEC Standard-Compliant Framework for Fairness Auditing and Certification of AI Models23 Jan 2026
- 2025Evaluation of AI Ethics Tools in Language Models: A Developers' Perspective Case Study16 Dec 2025
- 2025An Analysis of the New EU AI Act and A Proposed Standardization Framework for Machine Learning Fairness30 Sep 2025
- 2025LangFair: A Python Package for Assessing Bias and Fairness in Large Language Model Use Cases6 Jan 2025
- 2024From Expectation to Habit: Why Do Software Practitioners Adopt Fairness Toolkits?18 Dec 2024
- 2024Establishing and Evaluating Trustworthy AI: Overview and Research Challenges15 Nov 2024
- 2024A Catalog of Fairness-Aware Practices in Machine Learning Engineering29 Aug 2024
- 2024The Pursuit of Fairness in Artificial Intelligence Models: A Survey26 Mar 2024
- 2024Navigating Fairness: Practitioners' Understanding, Challenges, and Strategies in AI/ML Development21 Mar 2024
- 2023Bias and Fairness in Chatbots: An Overview16 Sep 2023
- 2023Benchmarking Algorithmic Bias in Face Recognition: An Experimental Approach Using Synthetic Faces and Human Evaluation10 Aug 2023
- 2023When Fair Classification Meets Noisy Protected Attributes6 Jul 2023
10 more
- 2023Disentangling and Operationalizing AI Fairness at LinkedIn30 May 2023
- 2023Assessing Perceived Fairness from Machine Learning Developer's Perspective7 Apr 2023
- 2023Individual Fairness under Uncertainty16 Feb 2023
- 2023Linking convolutional kernel size to generalization bias in face analysis CNNs7 Feb 2023
- 2022Debiasing Methods for Fairer Neural Models in Vision and Language Research: A Survey10 Nov 2022
- 2022De-biasing "bias" measurement11 May 2022
- 2022Subverting Fair Image Search with Generative Adversarial Perturbations5 May 2022
- 2022Longitudinal Fairness with Censorship30 Mar 2022
- 2021A Framework for Fairness: A Systematic Review of Existing Fair AI Solutions10 Dec 2021
- 2021Amazon SageMaker Clarify: Machine Learning Bias Detection and Explainability in the Cloud7 Sep 2021
- 2023Benchmarking Algorithmic Bias in Face Recognition: An Experimental Approach Using Synthetic Faces and Human Evaluationcited by 25
- 2022Debiasing Methods for Fairer Neural Models in Vision and Language Research: A Surveycited by 22
- 2022Longitudinal Fairness with Censorshipcited by 21
- 2022De-biasing "bias" measurementcited by 20
- 2023Bias and Fairness in Chatbots: An Overviewcited by 20
- 2021Amazon SageMaker Clarify: Machine Learning Bias Detection and Explainability in the Cloudcited by 19
- 2021A Framework for Fairness: A Systematic Review of Existing Fair AI Solutionscited by 18
- 2024The Pursuit of Fairness in Artificial Intelligence Models: A Surveycited by 13
- 2024Establishing and Evaluating Trustworthy AI: Overview and Research Challengescited by 12
- 2023Individual Fairness under Uncertaintycited by 11
- 2023Disentangling and Operationalizing AI Fairness at LinkedIncited by 7
- 2023When Fair Classification Meets Noisy Protected Attributescited by 6
12 most cited of 22 All 22 (JSON)
- 2026Nishpaksh: TEC Standard-Compliant Framework for Fairness Auditing and Certification of AI Models23 Jan 2026
- 2025Evaluation of AI Ethics Tools in Language Models: A Developers' Perspective Case Study16 Dec 2025
- 2025An Analysis of the New EU AI Act and A Proposed Standardization Framework for Machine Learning Fairness30 Sep 2025
- 2025LangFair: A Python Package for Assessing Bias and Fairness in Large Language Model Use Cases6 Jan 2025
- 2024From Expectation to Habit: Why Do Software Practitioners Adopt Fairness Toolkits?18 Dec 2024
- 2024Establishing and Evaluating Trustworthy AI: Overview and Research Challenges15 Nov 2024
- 2024A Catalog of Fairness-Aware Practices in Machine Learning Engineering29 Aug 2024
- 2024The Pursuit of Fairness in Artificial Intelligence Models: A Survey26 Mar 2024
- 2024Navigating Fairness: Practitioners' Understanding, Challenges, and Strategies in AI/ML Development21 Mar 2024
- 2023Bias and Fairness in Chatbots: An Overview16 Sep 2023
- 2023Benchmarking Algorithmic Bias in Face Recognition: An Experimental Approach Using Synthetic Faces and Human Evaluation10 Aug 2023
- 2023When Fair Classification Meets Noisy Protected Attributes6 Jul 2023
12 newest of 22 All 22 (JSON)