Robust Image Retrieval-based Visual Localization using Kapture
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Abstract (arXiv)
Visual localization tackles the challenge of estimating the camera pose from images by using correspondence analysis between query images and a map. This task is computation and data intensive which poses challenges on thorough evaluation of methods on various datasets. However, in order to further advance in the field, we claim that robust visual localization algorithms should be evaluated on multiple datasets covering a broad domain variety. To facilitate this, we introduce kapture, a new, flexible, unified data format and toolbox for visual localization and structure-from-motion (SFM). It enables easy usage of different datasets as well as efficient and reusable data processing. To demonstrate this, we present a versatile pipeline for visual localization that facilitates the use of different local and global features, 3D data (e.g. depth maps), non-vision sensor data (e.g. IMU, GPS, WiFi), and various processing algorithms. Using multiple configurations of the pipeline, we show the great versatility of kapture in our experiments. Furthermore, we evaluate our methods on eight public datasets where they rank top on all and first on many of them. To foster future research, we release code, models, and all datasets used in this paper in the kapture format open source under a permissive BSD license. github.com/naver/kapture, github.com/naver/kapture-localization
Key facts. Cited by 66 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 27 Jul 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 12; 2022: 14; 2023: 10; 2024: 14; 2025: 11; 2026: 5.
66 papers.
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- 2021LoFTR: Detector-Free Local Feature Matching with Transformerscited by 974
- 2024Grounding Image Matching in 3D with MASt3Rcited by 960
- 2024MASt3R-SfM: a Fully-Integrated Solution for Unconstrained Structure-from-Motioncited by 161
- 2022CroCo: Self-Supervised Pre-training for 3D Vision Tasks by Cross-View Completioncited by 158
- 2022Map-free Visual Relocalization: Metric Pose Relative to a Single Imagecited by 112
- 2023Accelerated Coordinate Encoding: Learning to Relocalize in Minutes using RGB and Posescited by 107
- 2022LaMAR: Benchmarking Localization and Mapping for Augmented Realitycited by 98
- 2024Reloc3r: Large-Scale Training of Relative Camera Pose Regression for Generalizable, Fast, and Accurate Visual Localizationcited by 81
- 2021On the Limits of Pseudo Ground Truth in Visual Camera Re-localisationcited by 63
- 2022MeshLoc: Mesh-Based Visual Localizationcited by 62
- 2024GLACE: Global Local Accelerated Coordinate Encodingcited by 48
- 2024Map-Relative Pose Regression for Visual Re-Localizationcited by 42
38 more
- 2023SNAP: Self-Supervised Neural Maps for Visual Positioning and Semantic Understandingcited by 38
- 2022Learning Super-Features for Image Retrievalcited by 35
- 2022TopicFM: Robust and Interpretable Topic-Assisted Feature Matchingcited by 32
- 2021Large-scale Localization Datasets in Crowded Indoor Spacescited by 28
- 2022Investigating the Role of Image Retrieval for Visual Localization -- An exhaustive benchmarkcited by 27
- 2024Local Feature Matching Using Deep Learning: A Surveycited by 26
- 2024General Place Recognition Survey: Towards Real-World Autonomycited by 23
- 2021NinjaDesc: Content-Concealing Visual Descriptors via Adversarial Learningcited by 21
- 2024The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Pre-Trained Features for Camera Pose Refinementcited by 21
- 2023Visual Localization using Imperfect 3D Models from the Internetcited by 20
- 2021Reassessing the Limitations of CNN Methods for Camera Pose Regressioncited by 19
- 2023FocusTune: Tuning Visual Localization through Focus-Guided Samplingcited by 16
- 2021PICCOLO: Point Cloud-Centric Omnidirectional Localizationcited by 14
- 2021Pose Refinement with Joint Optimization of Visual Points and Linescited by 14
- 2023SACReg: Scene-Agnostic Coordinate Regression for Visual Localizationcited by 14
- 2022General Place Recognition Survey: Towards the Real-world Autonomy Agecited by 11
- 2021MegLoc: A Robust and Accurate Visual Localization Pipelinecited by 10
- 2023TopicFM+: Boosting Accuracy and Efficiency of Topic-Assisted Feature Matchingcited by 10
- 2024Learning to Produce Semi-dense Correspondences for Visual Localizationcited by 10
- 2025Gaussian Splatting Feature Fields for Privacy-Preserving Visual Localizationcited by 10
- 2025OrthoLoC: UAV 6-DoF Localization and Calibration Using Orthographic Geodatacited by 10
- 2025A Guide to Structureless Visual Localizationcited by 9
- 2023EP2P-Loc: End-to-End 3D Point to 2D Pixel Localization for Large-Scale Visual Localizationcited by 8
- 2025ACE-G: Improving Generalization of Scene Coordinate Regression Through Query Pre-Trainingcited by 8
- 2023Privacy-Preserving Representations are not Enough -- Recovering Scene Content from Camera Posescited by 7
- 2025CoMatcher: Multi-View Collaborative Feature Matchingcited by 7
- 2021Retrieval and Localization with Observation Constraintscited by 6
- 2022Privacy-Preserving Visual Localization with Event Camerascited by 6
- 2024Obfuscation Based Privacy Preserving Representations are Recoverable Using Neighborhood Informationcited by 6
- 2022Improving Worst Case Visual Localization Coverage via Place-specific Sub-selection in Multi-camera Systemscited by 5
- 2024Self-supervised Learning of Neural Implicit Feature Fields for Camera Pose Refinementcited by 5
- 2025Reasoning in visual navigation of end-to-end trained agents: a dynamical systems approachcited by 4
- 2025A Scene is Worth a Thousand Features: Feed-Forward Camera Localization from a Collection of Image Featurescited by 4
- 2022CPO: Change Robust Panorama to Point Cloud Localizationcited by 3
- 2022RenderNet: Visual Relocalization Using Virtual Viewpoints in Large-Scale Indoor Environmentscited by 3
- 2023LDL: Line Distance Functions for Panoramic Localizationcited by 3
- 2024AIR-HLoc: Adaptive Retrieved Images Selection for Efficient Visual Localisationcited by 2
- 2025Scene Coordinate Reconstruction Priorscited by 2
50 most cited of 66 All 66 (JSON)
- 2026AutoCompass: Accurate Visual Localization on Public Maps by Learning from Weak Labels2 Sep 2026
- 2026City-Mesh3R: Simulation-Ready City-Scale 3D Mesh Reconstruction from Multi-View Images28 May 2026
- 2026Disambiguating 2D-3D Correspondences in Gaussian Splatting-based Feature Fields for Visual Localization8 May 2026
- 2026Depth-Guided Privacy-Preserving Visual Localization Using 3D Sphere Clouds1 May 2026
- 2026InCaRPose: In-Cabin Relative Camera Pose Estimation Model and Dataset4 Apr 2026
- 2025YOWO: You Only Walk Once to Jointly Map An Indoor Scene and Register Ceiling-mounted Cameras20 Nov 2025
- 2025GRLoc: Geometric Representation Regression for Visual Localization17 Nov 2025
- 2025Scene Coordinate Reconstruction Priors14 Oct 2025
- 2025ACE-G: Improving Generalization of Scene Coordinate Regression Through Query Pre-Training13 Oct 2025
- 2025A Scene is Worth a Thousand Features: Feed-Forward Camera Localization from a Collection of Image Features1 Oct 2025
- 2025OrthoLoC: UAV 6-DoF Localization and Calibration Using Orthographic Geodata22 Sep 2025
- 2025Gaussian Splatting Feature Fields for Privacy-Preserving Visual Localization31 Jul 2025
38 more
- 2025A Guide to Structureless Visual Localization24 Apr 2025
- 2025CoMatcher: Multi-View Collaborative Feature Matching2 Apr 2025
- 2025A-SCoRe: Attention-based Scene Coordinate Regression for wide-ranging scenarios18 Mar 2025
- 2025Reasoning in visual navigation of end-to-end trained agents: a dynamical systems approach11 Mar 2025
- 2024Reloc3r: Large-Scale Training of Relative Camera Pose Regression for Generalizable, Fast, and Accurate Visual Localization11 Dec 2024
- 2024Cross-Modal Visual Relocalization in Prior LiDAR Maps Utilizing Intensity Textures2 Dec 2024
- 2024MASt3R-SfM: a Fully-Integrated Solution for Unconstrained Structure-from-Motion27 Sep 2024
- 2024Obfuscation Based Privacy Preserving Representations are Recoverable Using Neighborhood Information17 Sep 2024
- 2024Grounding Image Matching in 3D with MASt3R14 Jun 2024
- 2024Self-supervised Learning of Neural Implicit Feature Fields for Camera Pose Refinement12 Jun 2024
- 2024GLACE: Global Local Accelerated Coordinate Encoding6 Jun 2024
- 2024General Place Recognition Survey: Towards Real-World Autonomy8 May 2024
- 2024The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Pre-Trained Features for Camera Pose Refinement16 Apr 2024
- 2024Map-Relative Pose Regression for Visual Re-Localization15 Apr 2024
- 2024AIR-HLoc: Adaptive Retrieved Images Selection for Efficient Visual Localisation27 Mar 2024
- 2024Weatherproofing Retrieval for Localization with Generative AI and Geometric Consistency14 Feb 2024
- 2024Learning to Produce Semi-dense Correspondences for Visual Localization13 Feb 2024
- 2024Local Feature Matching Using Deep Learning: A Survey31 Jan 2024
- 2023FocusTune: Tuning Visual Localization through Focus-Guided Sampling6 Nov 2023
- 2023EP2P-Loc: End-to-End 3D Point to 2D Pixel Localization for Large-Scale Visual Localization14 Sep 2023
- 2023LDL: Line Distance Functions for Panoramic Localization27 Aug 2023
- 2023SACReg: Scene-Agnostic Coordinate Regression for Visual Localization21 Jul 2023
- 2023TopicFM+: Boosting Accuracy and Efficiency of Topic-Assisted Feature Matching2 Jul 2023
- 2023Locking On: Leveraging Dynamic Vehicle-Imposed Motion Constraints to Improve Visual Localization30 Jun 2023
- 2023SNAP: Self-Supervised Neural Maps for Visual Positioning and Semantic Understanding8 Jun 2023
- 2023Accelerated Coordinate Encoding: Learning to Relocalize in Minutes using RGB and Poses23 May 2023
- 2023Privacy-Preserving Representations are not Enough -- Recovering Scene Content from Camera Poses8 May 2023
- 2023Visual Localization using Imperfect 3D Models from the Internet12 Apr 2023
- 2022Privacy-Preserving Visual Localization with Event Cameras4 Dec 2022
- 2022LaMAR: Benchmarking Localization and Mapping for Augmented Reality19 Oct 2022
- 2022CroCo: Self-Supervised Pre-training for 3D Vision Tasks by Cross-View Completion19 Oct 2022
- 2022Map-free Visual Relocalization: Metric Pose Relative to a Single Image11 Oct 2022
- 2022Graph Attention Network for Camera Relocalization on Dynamic Scenes29 Sep 2022
- 2022General Place Recognition Survey: Towards the Real-world Autonomy Age9 Sep 2022
- 2022RenderNet: Visual Relocalization Using Virtual Viewpoints in Large-Scale Indoor Environments26 Jul 2022
- 2022MeshLoc: Mesh-Based Visual Localization21 Jul 2022
- 2022CPO: Change Robust Panorama to Point Cloud Localization12 Jul 2022
- 2022TopicFM: Robust and Interpretable Topic-Assisted Feature Matching1 Jul 2022
50 newest of 66 All 66 (JSON)
- 2021LoFTR: Detector-Free Local Feature Matching with Transformerscited by 974
- 2024Grounding Image Matching in 3D with MASt3Rcited by 960
- 2024MASt3R-SfM: a Fully-Integrated Solution for Unconstrained Structure-from-Motioncited by 161
- 2022CroCo: Self-Supervised Pre-training for 3D Vision Tasks by Cross-View Completioncited by 158
- 2022Map-free Visual Relocalization: Metric Pose Relative to a Single Imagecited by 112
- 2023Accelerated Coordinate Encoding: Learning to Relocalize in Minutes using RGB and Posescited by 107
- 2022LaMAR: Benchmarking Localization and Mapping for Augmented Realitycited by 98
- 2024Reloc3r: Large-Scale Training of Relative Camera Pose Regression for Generalizable, Fast, and Accurate Visual Localizationcited by 81
- 2021On the Limits of Pseudo Ground Truth in Visual Camera Re-localisationcited by 63
- 2022MeshLoc: Mesh-Based Visual Localizationcited by 62
- 2024GLACE: Global Local Accelerated Coordinate Encodingcited by 48
- 2024Map-Relative Pose Regression for Visual Re-Localizationcited by 42
12 most cited of 66 All 66 (JSON)
- 2026AutoCompass: Accurate Visual Localization on Public Maps by Learning from Weak Labels2 Sep 2026
- 2026City-Mesh3R: Simulation-Ready City-Scale 3D Mesh Reconstruction from Multi-View Images28 May 2026
- 2026Disambiguating 2D-3D Correspondences in Gaussian Splatting-based Feature Fields for Visual Localization8 May 2026
- 2026Depth-Guided Privacy-Preserving Visual Localization Using 3D Sphere Clouds1 May 2026
- 2026InCaRPose: In-Cabin Relative Camera Pose Estimation Model and Dataset4 Apr 2026
- 2025YOWO: You Only Walk Once to Jointly Map An Indoor Scene and Register Ceiling-mounted Cameras20 Nov 2025
- 2025GRLoc: Geometric Representation Regression for Visual Localization17 Nov 2025
- 2025Scene Coordinate Reconstruction Priors14 Oct 2025
- 2025ACE-G: Improving Generalization of Scene Coordinate Regression Through Query Pre-Training13 Oct 2025
- 2025A Scene is Worth a Thousand Features: Feed-Forward Camera Localization from a Collection of Image Features1 Oct 2025
- 2025OrthoLoC: UAV 6-DoF Localization and Calibration Using Orthographic Geodata22 Sep 2025
- 2025Gaussian Splatting Feature Fields for Privacy-Preserving Visual Localization31 Jul 2025
12 newest of 66 All 66 (JSON)