BEEP! Korean Corpus of Online News Comments for Toxic Speech Detection
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Abstract (arXiv)
Toxic comments in online platforms are an unavoidable social issue under the cloak of anonymity. Hate speech detection has been actively done for languages such as English, German, or Italian, where manually labeled corpus has been released. In this work, we first present 9.4K manually labeled entertainment news comments for identifying Korean toxic speech, collected from a widely used online news platform in Korea. The comments are annotated regarding social bias and hate speech since both aspects are correlated. The inter-annotator agreement Krippendorff's alpha score is 0.492 and 0.496, respectively. We provide benchmarks using CharCNN, BiLSTM, and BERT, where BERT achieves the highest score on all tasks. The models generally display better performance on bias identification, since the hate speech detection is a more subjective issue. Additionally, when BERT is trained with bias label for hate speech detection, the prediction score increases, implying that bias and hate are intertwined. We make our dataset publicly available and open competitions with the corpus and benchmarks.
Key facts. Cited by 39 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 26 May 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 7; 2023: 8; 2024: 11; 2025: 5; 2026: 2.
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- 2021KLUE: Korean Language Understanding Evaluationcited by 114
- 2024KMMLU: Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding in Koreancited by 91
- 2022Language Generation Models Can Cause Harm: So What Can We Do About It? An Actionable Surveycited by 80
- 2024CLIcK: A Benchmark Dataset of Cultural and Linguistic Intelligence in Koreancited by 66
- 2024CultureLLM: Incorporating Cultural Differences into Large Language Modelscited by 50
- 2024RTP-LX: Can LLMs Evaluate Toxicity in Multilingual Scenarios?cited by 36
- 2021A systematic review of Hate Speech automatic detection using Natural Language Processingcited by 27
- 2023KoSBi: A Dataset for Mitigating Social Bias Risks Towards Safer Large Language Model Applicationcited by 24
- 2024CulturePark: Boosting Cross-cultural Understanding in Large Language Modelscited by 24
- 2023Exploring Methods for Cross-lingual Text Style Transfer: The Case of Text Detoxificationcited by 15
- 2022KOLD: Korean Offensive Language Datasetcited by 14
- 2024Optimizing Language Augmentation for Multilingual Large Language Models: A Case Study on Koreancited by 14
27 more
- 2022K-MHaS: A Multi-label Hate Speech Detection Dataset in Korean Online News Commentcited by 13
- 2022DEPTWEET: A Typology for Social Media Texts to Detect Depression Severitiescited by 12
- 2024STAND-Guard: A Small Task-Adaptive Content Moderation Modelcited by 12
- 2024SGHateCheck: Functional Tests for Detecting Hate Speech in Low-Resource Languages of Singaporecited by 10
- 2022APEACH: Attacking Pejorative Expressions with Analysis on Crowd-Generated Hate Speech Evaluation Datasetscited by 8
- 2024SLM as Guardian: Pioneering AI Safety with Small Language Modelscited by 7
- 2022Korean Online Hate Speech Dataset for Multilabel Classification: How Can Social Science Improve Dataset on Hate Speech?cited by 6
- 2023When Crowd Meets Persona: Creating a Large-Scale Open-Domain Persona Dialogue Corpuscited by 5
- 2023K-HATERS: A Hate Speech Detection Corpus in Korean with Target-Specific Ratingscited by 5
- 2021A Survey on Awesome Korean NLP Datasetscited by 3
- 2023KoMultiText: Large-Scale Korean Text Dataset for Classifying Biased Speech in Real-World Online Servicescited by 3
- 2023The Skipped Beat: A Study of Sociopragmatic Understanding in LLMs for 64 Languagescited by 3
- 2022SOLD: Sinhala Offensive Language Datasetcited by 2
- 2023Improving Korean NLP Tasks with Linguistically Informed Subword Tokenization and Sub-character Decompositioncited by 2
- 2024Don't be a Fool: Pooling Strategies in Offensive Language Detection from User-Intended Adversarial Attackscited by 2
- 2025K/DA: Automated Data Generation Pipeline for Detoxifying Implicitly Offensive Language in Koreancited by 2
- 2021UIT-E10dot3 at SemEval-2021 Task 5: Toxic Spans Detection with Named Entity Recognition and Question-Answering Approachescited by 1
- 2021Transformer-based Korean Pretrained Language Models: A Survey on Three Years of Progresscited by 1
- 2023Automatic Construction of a Korean Toxic Instruction Dataset for Ethical Tuning of Large Language Modelscited by 1
- 2024Taxonomy and Analysis of Sensitive User Queries in Generative AI Searchcited by 1
- 2021Paraphrasing via Ranking Many Candidatescited by 0
- 2025U-GIFT: Uncertainty-Guided Firewall for Toxic Speech in Few-Shot Scenariocited by 0
- 2025A Multi-Labeled Dataset for Indonesian Discourse: Examining Toxicity, Polarization, and Demographics Informationcited by 0
- 2025Web(er) of Hate: A Survey on How Hate Speech Is Typedcited by 0
- 2025Can NLP Tackle Hate Speech in the Real World? Stakeholder-Informed Feedback and Survey on Counterspeechcited by 0
- 2026KOMBO: Korean Character Representations Based on the Combination Rules of Subcharacterscited by 0
- 2026AEGIS: Awareness-Enhanced Guidance for Iterative Safeguardcited by 0
- 2026AEGIS: Awareness-Enhanced Guidance for Iterative Safeguard20 Jul 2026
- 2026KOMBO: Korean Character Representations Based on the Combination Rules of Subcharacters27 Apr 2026
- 2025Can NLP Tackle Hate Speech in the Real World? Stakeholder-Informed Feedback and Survey on Counterspeech6 Aug 2025
- 2025Web(er) of Hate: A Survey on How Hate Speech Is Typed19 Jun 2025
- 2025K/DA: Automated Data Generation Pipeline for Detoxifying Implicitly Offensive Language in Korean16 Jun 2025
- 2025A Multi-Labeled Dataset for Indonesian Discourse: Examining Toxicity, Polarization, and Demographics Information1 Mar 2025
- 2025U-GIFT: Uncertainty-Guided Firewall for Toxic Speech in Few-Shot Scenario1 Jan 2025
- 2024STAND-Guard: A Small Task-Adaptive Content Moderation Model7 Nov 2024
- 2024SLM as Guardian: Pioneering AI Safety with Small Language Models30 May 2024
- 2024CulturePark: Boosting Cross-cultural Understanding in Large Language Models24 May 2024
- 2024SGHateCheck: Functional Tests for Detecting Hate Speech in Low-Resource Languages of Singapore3 May 2024
- 2024RTP-LX: Can LLMs Evaluate Toxicity in Multilingual Scenarios?22 Apr 2024
27 more
- 2024Taxonomy and Analysis of Sensitive User Queries in Generative AI Search5 Apr 2024
- 2024Don't be a Fool: Pooling Strategies in Offensive Language Detection from User-Intended Adversarial Attacks20 Mar 2024
- 2024Optimizing Language Augmentation for Multilingual Large Language Models: A Case Study on Korean16 Mar 2024
- 2024CLIcK: A Benchmark Dataset of Cultural and Linguistic Intelligence in Korean11 Mar 2024
- 2024KMMLU: Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding in Korean18 Feb 2024
- 2024CultureLLM: Incorporating Cultural Differences into Large Language Models9 Feb 2024
- 2023Automatic Construction of a Korean Toxic Instruction Dataset for Ethical Tuning of Large Language Models30 Nov 2023
- 2023Exploring Methods for Cross-lingual Text Style Transfer: The Case of Text Detoxification23 Nov 2023
- 2023Improving Korean NLP Tasks with Linguistically Informed Subword Tokenization and Sub-character Decomposition7 Nov 2023
- 2023K-HATERS: A Hate Speech Detection Corpus in Korean with Target-Specific Ratings24 Oct 2023
- 2023The Skipped Beat: A Study of Sociopragmatic Understanding in LLMs for 64 Languages23 Oct 2023
- 2023KoMultiText: Large-Scale Korean Text Dataset for Classifying Biased Speech in Real-World Online Services6 Oct 2023
- 2023KoSBi: A Dataset for Mitigating Social Bias Risks Towards Safer Large Language Model Application28 May 2023
- 2023When Crowd Meets Persona: Creating a Large-Scale Open-Domain Persona Dialogue Corpus1 Apr 2023
- 2022SOLD: Sinhala Offensive Language Dataset1 Dec 2022
- 2022Language Generation Models Can Cause Harm: So What Can We Do About It? An Actionable Survey14 Oct 2022
- 2022DEPTWEET: A Typology for Social Media Texts to Detect Depression Severities10 Oct 2022
- 2022K-MHaS: A Multi-label Hate Speech Detection Dataset in Korean Online News Comment23 Aug 2022
- 2022KOLD: Korean Offensive Language Dataset23 May 2022
- 2022Korean Online Hate Speech Dataset for Multilabel Classification: How Can Social Science Improve Dataset on Hate Speech?7 Apr 2022
- 2022APEACH: Attacking Pejorative Expressions with Analysis on Crowd-Generated Hate Speech Evaluation Datasets25 Feb 2022
- 2021Transformer-based Korean Pretrained Language Models: A Survey on Three Years of Progress25 Nov 2021
- 2021A Survey on Awesome Korean NLP Datasets17 Oct 2021
- 2021Paraphrasing via Ranking Many Candidates20 Jul 2021
- 2021A systematic review of Hate Speech automatic detection using Natural Language Processing22 May 2021
- 2021KLUE: Korean Language Understanding Evaluation20 May 2021
- 2021UIT-E10dot3 at SemEval-2021 Task 5: Toxic Spans Detection with Named Entity Recognition and Question-Answering Approaches15 Apr 2021
- 2021KLUE: Korean Language Understanding Evaluationcited by 114
- 2024KMMLU: Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding in Koreancited by 91
- 2022Language Generation Models Can Cause Harm: So What Can We Do About It? An Actionable Surveycited by 80
- 2024CLIcK: A Benchmark Dataset of Cultural and Linguistic Intelligence in Koreancited by 66
- 2024CultureLLM: Incorporating Cultural Differences into Large Language Modelscited by 50
- 2024RTP-LX: Can LLMs Evaluate Toxicity in Multilingual Scenarios?cited by 36
- 2021A systematic review of Hate Speech automatic detection using Natural Language Processingcited by 27
- 2023KoSBi: A Dataset for Mitigating Social Bias Risks Towards Safer Large Language Model Applicationcited by 24
- 2024CulturePark: Boosting Cross-cultural Understanding in Large Language Modelscited by 24
- 2023Exploring Methods for Cross-lingual Text Style Transfer: The Case of Text Detoxificationcited by 15
- 2022KOLD: Korean Offensive Language Datasetcited by 14
- 2024Optimizing Language Augmentation for Multilingual Large Language Models: A Case Study on Koreancited by 14
12 most cited of 39 All 39 (JSON)
- 2026AEGIS: Awareness-Enhanced Guidance for Iterative Safeguard20 Jul 2026
- 2026KOMBO: Korean Character Representations Based on the Combination Rules of Subcharacters27 Apr 2026
- 2025Can NLP Tackle Hate Speech in the Real World? Stakeholder-Informed Feedback and Survey on Counterspeech6 Aug 2025
- 2025Web(er) of Hate: A Survey on How Hate Speech Is Typed19 Jun 2025
- 2025K/DA: Automated Data Generation Pipeline for Detoxifying Implicitly Offensive Language in Korean16 Jun 2025
- 2025A Multi-Labeled Dataset for Indonesian Discourse: Examining Toxicity, Polarization, and Demographics Information1 Mar 2025
- 2025U-GIFT: Uncertainty-Guided Firewall for Toxic Speech in Few-Shot Scenario1 Jan 2025
- 2024STAND-Guard: A Small Task-Adaptive Content Moderation Model7 Nov 2024
- 2024SLM as Guardian: Pioneering AI Safety with Small Language Models30 May 2024
- 2024CulturePark: Boosting Cross-cultural Understanding in Large Language Models24 May 2024
- 2024SGHateCheck: Functional Tests for Detecting Hate Speech in Low-Resource Languages of Singapore3 May 2024
- 2024RTP-LX: Can LLMs Evaluate Toxicity in Multilingual Scenarios?22 Apr 2024
12 newest of 39 All 39 (JSON)