mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

A Survey of Reinforcement Learning Algorithms for Dynamically Varying Environments

arXiv 2005.10619 ↗First posted 19 May 2020cs.LG cs.AI stat.MLcited by 62

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Abstract (arXiv)

Reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms find applications in inventory control, recommender systems, vehicular traffic management, cloud computing and robotics. The real-world complications of many tasks arising in these domains makes them difficult to solve with the basic assumptions underlying classical RL algorithms. RL agents in these applications often need to react and adapt to changing operating conditions. A significant part of research on single-agent RL techniques focuses on developing algorithms when the underlying assumption of stationary environment model is relaxed. This paper provides a survey of RL methods developed for handling dynamically varying environment models. The goal of methods not limited by the stationarity assumption is to help autonomous agents adapt to varying operating conditions. This is possible either by minimizing the rewards lost during learning by RL agent or by finding a suitable policy for the RL agent which leads to efficient operation of the underlying system. A representative collection of these algorithms is discussed in detail in this work along with their categorization and their relative merits and demerits. Additionally we also review works which are tailored to application domains. Finally, we discuss future enhancements for this field.

Key facts. Cited by 62 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 19 May 2020.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 8; 2022: 5; 2023: 13; 2024: 10; 2025: 13; 2026: 13.

62 papers.

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  1. 2021Universal Off-Policy Evaluationcited by 43
  2. 2023Continual Learning as Computationally Constrained Reinforcement Learningcited by 35
  3. 2022Factored Adaptation for Non-Stationary Reinforcement Learningcited by 30
  4. 2023A Review of Deep Learning for Video Captioningcited by 28
  5. 2023Neurosymbolic Reinforcement Learning and Planning: A Surveycited by 24
  6. 2021Minimum-Delay Adaptation in Non-Stationary Reinforcement Learning via Online High-Confidence Change-Point Detectioncited by 18
  7. 2021RLOps: Development Life-cycle of Reinforcement Learning Aided Open RANcited by 15
  8. 2024The RL/LLM Taxonomy Tree: Reviewing Synergies Between Reinforcement Learning and Large Language Modelscited by 15
  9. 2024Manipulating Recommender Systems: A Survey of Poisoning Attacks and Countermeasurescited by 14
  10. 2022Self-Adaptive Driving in Nonstationary Environments through Conjectural Online Lookahead Adaptationcited by 12
  11. 2022Beyond Supervised Continual Learning: a Reviewcited by 11
  12. 2025Rethinking Adversarial Attacks in Reinforcement Learning from Policy Distribution Perspectivecited by 10
38 more
  1. 2024SCOOT: SLO-Oriented Performance Tuning for LLM Inference Enginescited by 9
  2. 2021Meta-Reinforcement Learning by Tracking Task Non-stationaritycited by 8
  3. 2024Python-Based Reinforcement Learning on Simulink Modelscited by 8
  4. 2023The complexity of non-stationary reinforcement learningcited by 7
  5. 2021Dealing with Non-Stationarity in MARL via Trust-Region Decompositioncited by 5
  6. 2021Lifelong Hyper-Policy Optimization with Multiple Importance Sampling Regularizationcited by 5
  7. 2023Tackling Non-Stationarity in Reinforcement Learning via Causal-Origin Representationcited by 4
  8. 2021Online reinforcement learning with sparse rewards through an active inference capsulecited by 3
  9. 2022System Design for an Integrated Lifelong Reinforcement Learning Agent for Real-Time Strategy Gamescited by 3
  10. 2023Tempo Adaptation in Non-stationary Reinforcement Learningcited by 3
  11. 2024Offline Reinforcement Learning with Domain-Unlabeled Datacited by 3
  12. 2026DARA: Few-shot Budget Allocation in Online Advertising via In-Context Decision Making with RL-Finetuned LLMscited by 3
  13. 2026GLOVE: Global Verifier for LLM Memory-Environment Realignmentcited by 3
  14. 2021Collaboration Promotes Group Resilience in Multi-Agent RLcited by 2
  15. 2023Off-Policy Evaluation for Action-Dependent Non-Stationary Environmentscited by 2
  16. 2023Optimizing Attention and Cognitive Control Costs Using Temporally-Layered Architecturescited by 2
  17. 2023Self-Sustaining Multiple Access with Continual Deep Reinforcement Learning for Dynamic Metaverse Applicationscited by 2
  18. 2025Comprehensive Review of Reinforcement Learning for Medical Ultrasound Imagingcited by 2
  19. 2025CrafText Benchmark: Advancing Instruction Following in Complex Multimodal Open-Ended Worldcited by 2
  20. 2025Sample Efficient Experience Replay in Non-stationary Environmentscited by 2
  21. 2023Robust Recurrent Reinforcement Learning under Evolving Hidden Disturbances with Application to Rover Wheel Slipcited by 1
  22. 2023Learning a Hierarchical Planner from Humans in Multiple Generationscited by 1
  23. 2024Deep Reinforcement Learning for Controlled Traversing of the Attractor Landscape of Boolean Models in the Context of Cellular Reprogrammingcited by 1
  24. 2024Future Aware Safe Active Learning of Time Varying Systems using Gaussian Processescited by 1
  25. 2024Enhanced Safety in Autonomous Driving: Integrating Latent State Diffusion Model for End-to-End Navigationcited by 1
  26. 2025Overcoming Environmental Meta-Stationarity in MARL via Adaptive Curriculum and Counterfactual Group Advantagecited by 1
  27. 2025GenAI-based Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning towards Distributed Agent Intelligence: A Generative-RL Agent Perspectivecited by 1
  28. 2026Safe Continual Reinforcement Learning Methods for Nonstationary Environments. Towards a Survey of the State of the Artcited by 1
  29. 2026A Component-Based Survey of Interactions between Large Language Models and Multi-Armed Banditscited by 1
  30. 2022Pathfinding in Random Partially Observable Environments with Vision-Informed Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
  31. 2023Safe Sequential Optimization for Switching Environmentscited by 0
  32. 2023Optimizing Heat Alert Issuance with Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
  33. 2024MA-CDMR: An Intelligent Cross-domain Multicast Routing Method based on Multiagent Deep Reinforcement Learning in Multi-domain SDWNcited by 0
  34. 2024Dynamic Weight Adjusting Deep Q-Networks for Real-Time Environmental Adaptationcited by 0
  35. 2025CSAOT: Cooperative Multi-Agent System for Active Object Trackingcited by 0
  36. 2025Natural Policy Gradient for Average Reward Non-Stationary RLcited by 0
  37. 2025Generalizable Agent Modeling for Agent Collaboration-Competition Adaptation with Multi-Retrieval and Dynamic Generationcited by 0
  38. 2025Detecting Model Drifts in Non-Stationary Environment Using Edit Operation Measurescited by 0

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