A Survey of Reinforcement Learning Algorithms for Dynamically Varying Environments
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Abstract (arXiv)
Reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms find applications in inventory control, recommender systems, vehicular traffic management, cloud computing and robotics. The real-world complications of many tasks arising in these domains makes them difficult to solve with the basic assumptions underlying classical RL algorithms. RL agents in these applications often need to react and adapt to changing operating conditions. A significant part of research on single-agent RL techniques focuses on developing algorithms when the underlying assumption of stationary environment model is relaxed. This paper provides a survey of RL methods developed for handling dynamically varying environment models. The goal of methods not limited by the stationarity assumption is to help autonomous agents adapt to varying operating conditions. This is possible either by minimizing the rewards lost during learning by RL agent or by finding a suitable policy for the RL agent which leads to efficient operation of the underlying system. A representative collection of these algorithms is discussed in detail in this work along with their categorization and their relative merits and demerits. Additionally we also review works which are tailored to application domains. Finally, we discuss future enhancements for this field.
Key facts. Cited by 62 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 19 May 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 8; 2022: 5; 2023: 13; 2024: 10; 2025: 13; 2026: 13.
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- 2023A Review of Deep Learning for Video Captioningcited by 28
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- 2023Robust Recurrent Reinforcement Learning under Evolving Hidden Disturbances with Application to Rover Wheel Slipcited by 1
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- 2026Critic-Driven Voronoi-Quantization for Distilling Deep RL Policies to Explainable Models14 May 2026
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- 2026GLOVE: Global Verifier for LLM Memory-Environment Realignment27 Jan 2026
- 2026DARA: Few-shot Budget Allocation in Online Advertising via In-Context Decision Making with RL-Finetuned LLMs21 Jan 2026
- 2026A Component-Based Survey of Interactions between Large Language Models and Multi-Armed Bandits19 Jan 2026
38 more
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- 2025A Benchmark Study of Deep Reinforcement Learning Algorithms for the Container Stowage Planning Problem2 Oct 2025
- 2025Solve Smart, Not Often: Policy Learning for Costly MILP Re-solving27 Sep 2025
- 2025Sample Efficient Experience Replay in Non-stationary Environments18 Sep 2025
- 2025Detecting Model Drifts in Non-Stationary Environment Using Edit Operation Measures14 Sep 2025
- 2025GenAI-based Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning towards Distributed Agent Intelligence: A Generative-RL Agent Perspective13 Jul 2025
- 2025Generalizable Agent Modeling for Agent Collaboration-Competition Adaptation with Multi-Retrieval and Dynamic Generation20 Jun 2025
- 2025Overcoming Environmental Meta-Stationarity in MARL via Adaptive Curriculum and Counterfactual Group Advantage9 Jun 2025
- 2025CrafText Benchmark: Advancing Instruction Following in Complex Multimodal Open-Ended World17 May 2025
- 2025Natural Policy Gradient for Average Reward Non-Stationary RL23 Apr 2025
- 2025Comprehensive Review of Reinforcement Learning for Medical Ultrasound Imaging19 Mar 2025
- 2025CSAOT: Cooperative Multi-Agent System for Active Object Tracking23 Jan 2025
- 2025Rethinking Adversarial Attacks in Reinforcement Learning from Policy Distribution Perspective7 Jan 2025
- 2024Dynamic Weight Adjusting Deep Q-Networks for Real-Time Environmental Adaptation4 Nov 2024
- 2024MA-CDMR: An Intelligent Cross-domain Multicast Routing Method based on Multiagent Deep Reinforcement Learning in Multi-domain SDWN27 Aug 2024
- 2024SCOOT: SLO-Oriented Performance Tuning for LLM Inference Engines8 Aug 2024
- 2024Enhanced Safety in Autonomous Driving: Integrating Latent State Diffusion Model for End-to-End Navigation8 Jul 2024
- 2024Future Aware Safe Active Learning of Time Varying Systems using Gaussian Processes17 May 2024
- 2024Python-Based Reinforcement Learning on Simulink Models14 May 2024
- 2024Manipulating Recommender Systems: A Survey of Poisoning Attacks and Countermeasures23 Apr 2024
- 2024Offline Reinforcement Learning with Domain-Unlabeled Data11 Apr 2024
- 2024Deep Reinforcement Learning for Controlled Traversing of the Attractor Landscape of Boolean Models in the Context of Cellular Reprogramming13 Feb 2024
- 2024The RL/LLM Taxonomy Tree: Reviewing Synergies Between Reinforcement Learning and Large Language Models2 Feb 2024
- 2023Optimizing Heat Alert Issuance with Reinforcement Learning21 Dec 2023
- 2023Safe Sequential Optimization for Switching Environments3 Nov 2023
- 2023Learning a Hierarchical Planner from Humans in Multiple Generations17 Oct 2023
- 2023Tempo Adaptation in Non-stationary Reinforcement Learning26 Sep 2023
- 2023Self-Sustaining Multiple Access with Continual Deep Reinforcement Learning for Dynamic Metaverse Applications18 Sep 2023
- 2023Neurosymbolic Reinforcement Learning and Planning: A Survey2 Sep 2023
- 2023Robust Recurrent Reinforcement Learning under Evolving Hidden Disturbances with Application to Rover Wheel Slip29 Jul 2023
- 2023The complexity of non-stationary reinforcement learning13 Jul 2023
- 2023Continual Learning as Computationally Constrained Reinforcement Learning10 Jul 2023
- 2023Tackling Non-Stationarity in Reinforcement Learning via Causal-Origin Representation5 Jun 2023
- 2023Optimizing Attention and Cognitive Control Costs Using Temporally-Layered Architectures30 May 2023
- 2023A Review of Deep Learning for Video Captioning22 Apr 2023
- 2023Off-Policy Evaluation for Action-Dependent Non-Stationary Environments24 Jan 2023
- 2022System Design for an Integrated Lifelong Reinforcement Learning Agent for Real-Time Strategy Games8 Dec 2022
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- 2024Offline Reinforcement Learning with Domain-Unlabeled Data11 Apr 2024
- 2021Universal Off-Policy Evaluationcited by 43
- 2023Continual Learning as Computationally Constrained Reinforcement Learningcited by 35
- 2022Factored Adaptation for Non-Stationary Reinforcement Learningcited by 30
- 2023A Review of Deep Learning for Video Captioningcited by 28
- 2023Neurosymbolic Reinforcement Learning and Planning: A Surveycited by 24
- 2021Minimum-Delay Adaptation in Non-Stationary Reinforcement Learning via Online High-Confidence Change-Point Detectioncited by 18
- 2021RLOps: Development Life-cycle of Reinforcement Learning Aided Open RANcited by 15
- 2024The RL/LLM Taxonomy Tree: Reviewing Synergies Between Reinforcement Learning and Large Language Modelscited by 15
- 2024Manipulating Recommender Systems: A Survey of Poisoning Attacks and Countermeasurescited by 14
- 2022Beyond Supervised Continual Learning: a Reviewcited by 11
- 2025Rethinking Adversarial Attacks in Reinforcement Learning from Policy Distribution Perspectivecited by 10
- 2021Meta-Reinforcement Learning by Tracking Task Non-stationaritycited by 8
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- 2026BOBA: Dynamic Bayesian Optimization through Bayesian Active Inference22 Sep 2026
- 2026Beyond the Stability-Exploration Dilemma: Environmental Regularization for LLM Policy Optimization24 Aug 2026
- 2026Long-term Measurements: Towards a Longitudinal Understanding of Human-AI Interactions3 Aug 2026
- 2026A Unified Causal-Origin Taxonomy of Distributional Shifts in Reinforcement Learning15 Jun 2026
- 2026Incentives and Evidence in Learned Service Orchestration15 Jun 2026
- 2026BAPR: Bayesian amnesic piecewise-robust reinforcement learning for non-stationary continuous control15 May 2026
- 2026Critic-Driven Voronoi-Quantization for Distilling Deep RL Policies to Explainable Models14 May 2026
- 2026TwinLoop: Simulation-in-the-Loop Digital Twins for Online Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning8 Apr 2026
- 2026Adapting the Behavior of Reinforcement Learning Agents to Changing Action Spaces and Reward Functions28 Jan 2026
- 2026GLOVE: Global Verifier for LLM Memory-Environment Realignment27 Jan 2026
- 2026DARA: Few-shot Budget Allocation in Online Advertising via In-Context Decision Making with RL-Finetuned LLMs21 Jan 2026
- 2026A Component-Based Survey of Interactions between Large Language Models and Multi-Armed Bandits19 Jan 2026
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